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TEST 4 REVIEW 1.

Within food webs, herbivores are considered a. Secondary consumers b. Primary consumers c. Heterotrophs d. Both B and C e. All the above

2.

If a field contains approximately 10,000 kilocalories of energy in grass, which is eaten by caterpillars, which are eaten by birds, approximately how many kilocalories of energy are in the birds? a. 1000 b. 900 c. 100 d. 10 e. 1

3.

The concept of species diversity includes species richness and evenness. (True / False)

4.

There is a strong positive relationship between NPP and actual evapotranspiration. (True / False)

5.

Increase in NPP leads to decrease in actual evapotranspiration. (True / False increase/ increase)

6.

Shrubs or herbs that grow close to the ground and have prostrate life forms are a. Therophyte b. Chaemaephytes c. Hemikrypotophyte d. None of the above

7.

Plants that complete their life cycle from seed to seed and die within a season are _________ and they occur on deserts and arid environment. a. Therophyte b. Chaemaephytes c. Hemikryptophyte d. None of the above

8.

Energy cycling requires nutrients to flow. (True / False energy must flow nutrients must cycle)

9.

The converting of nutrients from organic to inorganic is referred to: Mineralization

10. In an ecological sense, the persistence of, or the rapid return to a given state after a temporary disturbance is: Stability 11. The first species to colonize new land or existing land after a major disturbance can be referred to as: a. b. c. d.

Pioneer Seral Climax Predator

12. According to J.H. Connell’s hypothesis, intermediate disturbance should lead to the greatest diversity. (True / False) 13. The difference between secondary and primary succession is: a. Time b. The organisms c. The climax d. None of the above 14. Enhanced growth, fitness, survivorship, etc. due to environmental notifications by other species is referred to: Facilitation 15. Examples of factors that affect primary production includes: a. Temperature b. Rainfall c. Community structure d. Animal utilization e. All of the above 16. Physiognomy refers to the ________ structure of the community. a. Trophic b. Physical c. Temporal d. None of the above 17. The amount of energy stored over tie by an organism, population, community, or ecosystem is a. Assimilation b. Biomass c. Production d. Trophic levels 18. In lotic systems where organisms and particulates move downstream, nutrient cycling is often referred to as a. Nutrient spiraling b. Leaching c. Nutrient accumulation d. Non equilibrium cycling 19. Which of the following elements or molecules represents a sedimentary nutrient cycle? a. N b. H2O c. C d. Ca 20. Which of the following elements or molecules represents a gaseous nutrient cycle? a. N b. H2O c. C d. Ca e. A, B, and C 21. Despite the dynamic nature of gaseous cycle nutrients, sedimentary cycles are much slower. (True / False) 22. Energy losses increase the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem. (True / False decrease)

23. Less energy is available at higher trophic levels because assimilation efficiency decreases. (True / False increases)

24. Which of the following does not apply to decomposition? a. Increases with moisture b. Increases with temperature c. Increases with lignin content d. Increases with nitrogen content e. Increases with actual evapotranspiration 25. In Lake Victoria, the introduction of an apex predator, the Nile perch has greatly reduced the diversity of fishes. (True / False) 26. Decomposition is important in ecosystems because a. It is the final release of energy b. It leads to nutrient mobilization c. It helps to bind up nutrients that might otherwise be lost fro the ecosystem d. Both A and B e. None of above 27. Lakes in North America contain fewer species than lakes in Africa of the same size because a. African lakes are older and stable b. North American lakes have been affected by glaciers c. Both A and B d. None of the above 28. The species or group of species, usually very abundant and most influential within a community, is termed the a. Dominant b. Predators c. Most important d. Prey 29. The secondary successional progression of communities in central Virginia is usually: a. Weeds----loblolly pine forest----red spruce forest b. Weeds----loblolly pine forest----oak hickory forest c. Loblolly pine forest----oak hickory forest----weeds d. Red spruce forest----weeds----grasses 30. Which of the following statements concerning nutrient cycle is false? a. In lotic environments benthos lengthen the cycle by repeatedly reusing the nutrient b. High lignin content leads to slower decomposition c. Some nutrients can be lost from detritus through leaching d. Myrics adds N to the soil and alters ecological succession 31. Disturbance may vary in a. Size b. Frequency c. Intensity d. All of the above e. None of the above 32. Frequent disturbance prevents communities from reaching equilibrium. (True / False)

33. As demonstrated by studies of ocean communities with starfish, predators decrease the diversity of communities. (True / False increase) 34. Keystone species are those whose influence on a community is proportionate to the biomass. (True / False disproportionate) 35. The trophic cascade hypothesis supports the “top-down” control of primary production. (True / False)

36. Stable communities usually have both high resistance and high resilience to disturbance. (True / False low resilience) 37. Species evenness refers to the relative abundances of species within a community. (True / False) 38. Check out index of biological integrity (IBI) SUCCESSION 39. Mechanisms that control succession include a. Facilitation b. Tolerance c. Inhibition d. All the above 40. Primary succession is a slower process than secondary succession. (True / False) 41. Early successional stages have less biomass and lower NPP. (True / False high NPP) 42. A sere is an individual community within a successional sequence from pioneer to climax. (True / False series) 43. Stratification increases with succession. (True / False) 44. Although resilience decreases with succession, stability increases. (True / False) 45. Species diversity is low at early successional stages. (True / False) 46. Although food webs are complex at early successional stages, there is a good nutrient conservation. (True / False simple) 47. The persistence of, or the rapid return to, a given state after a temporary disturbance is referred to a. Stability b. Primary succession c. Secondary succession...