Test Bank 6 exam chapter 6 questions mid term PDF

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Organizational Behavior, 14e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 6 Perception and Individual Decision Making What is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment? A) interpretation B) environmental analysis C) social verification...

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Organizational Behavior, 14e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 6 Perception and Individual Decision Making

1) What is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment? A) interpretation B) environmental analysis C) social verification D) outlook E) perception Answer: E

2) What are the three classes of factors that influence perception? A) factors in the setting, factors in the environment, and factors in the motives B) factors in the perceiver, factors in the target, and factors in the situation C) factors in the character, factors in knowledge, and factors in experience D) factors in the personality, factors in the character, and factors in the values E) factors in the senses, factors in the surroundings, and factors in the lighting Answer: B

1) When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. This phenomenon is most directly relevant to which of the following? A) the Pygmalion effect B) projection theory C) attribution theory D) selective perception theory Answer: C

2) Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior? A) An employee is late because he was partying late and then overslept. B) An employee is late because of a flat tire. C) An employee was fired because he slept on the job. D) An employee was promoted because he was hard working. E) An employee died from lung cancer after excessive tobacco use. Answer: B

3) What term is used for the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations? A) continuity B) integrity C) stability D) flexibility E) distinctiveness Answer: E

4) What does consensus refer to in attribution theory? A) There is general agreement about a perception. B) Different people respond the same way in the same situation. C) There is general agreement about how people desire to respond to the same situation. D) Different people perceive a situation similarly. E) All people behave precisely the same way in certain situations. Answer: B

6) If a person responds the same way over time, attribution theory states that the behavior shows ________. A) distinctiveness B) consensus C) consistency D) continuity E) stability Answer: C

19) What term is used for the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others? A) fundamental attribution error B) self-serving bias C) selective perception D) consistency E) actor bias Answer: A

1) What term is used for the tendency of an individual to attribute his own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors? A) fundamental attribution error B) self-serving bias C) consistency D) selective perception E) stereotyping Answer: B

2) Whenever Jane is successful she takes full credit for what has happened, but whenever she is unsuccessful she attributes her failure to bad luck or blames one of her fellow employees. She is guilty of ________. A) fundamental attribution error B) attribution bias C) the halo effect D) distinctiveness E) self-serving bias Answer: E

4) Shortcuts in judging others include all of the following except ________. A) stereotyping B) halo effect C) projection D) self-serving bias E) the Pygmalion effect Answer: D

5) Because it is impossible for us to assimilate everything we perceive; we engage in ________. A) selective perception B) memorization C) mental desensitization D) periodic listening E) linear clustering Answer: A

27) What is the term used for a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance? A) contrast effects B) personal bias C) prejudice D) the halo effect E) projection Answer: D

8) It's Marisol's first day on a new job. At first she was very nervous, but when she was introduced to her cubicle neighbor, Hanna, she was taken aback by Hanna's soothing smile. Marisol knew that a person with such a beautiful smile could not be bad, and that she would enjoy having her in such close proximity. A) contrast effects B) prototyping C) the halo effect D) selective perception E) profiling Answer: C

29) Your rating in a job interview is high in contrast to the candidate who was interviewed directly before you, who was rated extremely low. Your own high rating might be partially attributed to which of the following? A) the halo effect B) contrast effects C) projection D) stereotyping E) prototyping Answer: B

0) One of the shortcuts used to judge others involves evaluating a person based on how he/she compares to other individuals on the same characteristic. What is this shortcut called? A) selective perception. B) contrast effects C) the halo effect D) prejudice E) stereotyping Answer: B

1) What do we call it when we judge someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he/she belongs? A) grouping B) stereotyping C) categorizing D) assimilating E) prototyping Answer: B

5) What is another name for a self-fulfilling prophecy? A) Pygmalion effect B) projection C) self-selecting bias D) halo effect E) prototyping Answer: A

47) Where is overconfidence most likely to surface? A) outside your area of expertise B) in your area of expertise C) with more education and training D) among higher wage earners E) among older workers Answer: A Explanation: Overconfidence is most likely to surface when organizational members are working outside their area of expertise. However, so-called experts are not immune to overconfidence bias either. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 179 Topic: Common Biases and Errors in Decision-Making Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Overconfidence Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6

48) Manuwer's firm won a bid on a small programming project for $26,000. The client recently changed the project specifications, and when Manuwer explained that the new work could not be included in the price of the original bid because it involves completely changing the already written code, the client got angry and said, "I'm only asking you to add one thing! You're charging me $30,000 and you can't do this one thing?" Manuwer's client is engaging in ________. A) overconfidence bias B) confirmation bias C) anchoring bias D) availability bias E) escalation commitment Answer: C

Explanation: Manuwer's client is fixating on the rounded up number of the bid. The anchoring bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. The client is not paying attention to the details of the work, but rather has anchored on the price. Research suggests that people think of adjustment after an anchor is set, as rounding off a number. So Manuwer's contract of $26,000, has been rounded up to $30,000 in the client's perception. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 180 Topic: Common Biases and Errors in Decision-Making Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Anchoring Bias Quest. Category: Application LO: 6

49) Mariana has purchased her paper from Acme Paper Company for years. When she started her business they offered the best paper for the lowest price, and they delivered it to her office with friendly service. Recently Mariana's office manager submitted a report on various prices for paper supply companies in the city. Mariana quickly skimmed the report and saw that Acme was in the same ball park price per ream, although a little more expensive than two of the companies, but they continued to deliver free of charge. Mariana decided to stay with Acme. Her decision was based on ________. A) overconfidence bias B) availability bias C) confirmation bias D) anchoring bias E) randomness error Answer: C Explanation: Mariana noticed information in the report that reaffirmed her past choice of using Acme, and she discounted the information that contradicts them, or rather that they were a little more expensive and that over time she may save a considerable amount of money by switching.

Mariana's decision was based on the confirmation of old information, or the confirmation bias. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 180 Topic: Common Biases and Errors in Decision-Making Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Confirmation Bias Quest. Category: Application LO: 6

50) What do we call the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that they can easily obtain? A) representative bias B) availability bias C) confirmation bias D) anchoring bias E) principality Answer: B Explanation: The availability bias explains a person's tendency to base judgments on information readily available. Events that evoke emotions, are particularly vivid, or are more recent tend to be more available in our memory, leading us to overestimate the chances of unlikely events such as an airplane crash. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 180 Topic: Common Biases and Errors in Decision-Making Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Availability Bias Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 6...