Title | TEXTBOOK INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS LAW |
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HANOI LAW UNIVERSITY TEXTBOOK INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS LAW Edited by Professor Dr Surya P. Subedi DPhil (Oxford); Barrister (England) Professor of International Law School of Law, Univeristy of Leeds, UK THE PEOPLE’S PUBLIC SECURITY PUBLISHING HOUSE HANOI - 2012 2 This Textbook has been prep...
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HANOI LAW UNIVERSITY
TEXTBOOK INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS LAW
Edited by Professor Dr Surya P. Subedi DPhil (Oxford); Barrister (England) Professor of International Law School of Law, Univeristy of Leeds, UK
THE PEOPLE’S PUBLIC SECURITY PUBLISHING HOUSE HANOI - 2012
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This Textbook has been prepared with financial assistance from the European Union. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and therefore in no way reflect the official opinion of the European Union nor the Ministry of Industry and Trade.
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LIST OF AUTHORS Nguyen Thanh Tam and Trinh Hai Yen
Chapter 1; and Chapter 3 - Section 1, Section 2; and Chapter 4 - Section 3
Nguyen Dang Thang
Chapter 2 - Section 1, Section 2
Nguyen Duc Kien
Chapter 2 - Section 3; and Chapter 5 - Section 4
Federico Lupo Pasini
Chapter 2 - Section 4, Section 7; and Chapter 4 - Section 1
Nguyen Nhu Quynh
Chapter 2 - Section 5
Nguyen Thi Thu Hien
Chapter 2 - Section 6
Nguyen Ngoc Ha
Chapter 2 - Section 8
Andrew Stephens
Chapter 3 - Section 3
Trinh Hai Yen
Chapter 3 - Section 4; and Chapter 4 - Section 2
Le Hoang Oanh
Chapter 3 - Section 5
Nguyen Minh Hang
Chapter 5 - Section 1
Ho Thuy Ngoc
Chapter 5 - Section 2, Section 3 (Items 4-5); and Chapter 7 - Section 6
Vo Sy Manh
Chapter 5 - Section 3 (Item 1, Item 3)
Marcel Fontaine
Chapter 5 - Section 3 (Item 2)
Nguyen Ba Binh
Chapter 6 - Section 1
Nguyen Thi Thanh Phuc
Chapter 6 - Section 2
Ha Cong Anh Bao
Chapter 6 - Section 3
Trinh Duc Hai
Chapter 7 - Sections 1-5
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TEXTBOOK INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS LAW
FOREWORD This Textbook has been prepared with the support of the Multilateral Trade Assistance Project III (EU-Viet Nam MUTRAP III) funded by the European Union, and it is the result of the contribution of national and international academics and trade law experts. The cooperation between Vietnamese and international experts testifies the definitive integration of Vietnam in the international cultural system. The trade and economic world integration of Vietnam achieved with the accession to the WTO in 2007 contributed in a decisive manner to the full participation of Vietnamese experts and academics in the world scientific and cultural community. Indeed, a growing number of Vietnamese students and academics which are involved in international exchange programmes and this Textbook are the evidence of this phenomenon. With the support of EU-Viet Nam MUTRAP III Project and other development cooperation programmes, the curricula of the main universities in Vietnam have been updated to take into consideration the rapid evolutions of the trade and economic situation. This Textbook, mainly directed to bachelor students, provides a picture of the legal aspects of the most relevant international trade issues. While recognizing the differences between the international ‘public’ and the ‘private’ trade law, the editor and contributors of the Textbook recognized that the two different disciplines cannot be studied separately. Lawyers and legal experts must have a thorough knowledge of all the aspects involving an international transaction, from the competent jurisdiction to settle any pathologic aspect of an international contract to the market access’ rights protected by the WTO in a third country. Besides that, the Textbook is also a combination of global (WTO, Vienna Convention of the International Sales of Goods), regional
FOREWORD
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(EU, NAFTA and ASEAN), bilateral (the agreements between Vietnam and some trading partners) and Vietnamese relevant rules. The Textbook benefited from the contribution of experts and academics combining the technical to the geographical expertise: for example, an US contributor wrote the section on NAFTA while an European drafted the section dedicated to the EU, while Vietnamese authors focused on the domestic relevant trade aspects. The result is a Textbook which captures different views regarding the law regulating international trade. This Textbook is a good example of what the Vietnamese lawyers and legal experts will have to face once they will start their professional life: a world characterized by harmonized international rules, common rules of legal interpretation but different attitudes regarding the practical implementation of the day-by-day commercial operations. The need to improve the trade relations, particularly important for an open economy like Viet Nam, requires the ability to understand these different attitudes and, when possible, to identify the best international practices which could be reproduced into the domestic legal framework. The Textbook is also a good instrument for government officials daily confronted with a dynamic international arena and eager to know the basic information regarding various aspect of international trade law. This Textbook is really a small reproduction of the real world Vietnamese lawyers and legal experts will have to face and it is an excellent starting point for all those interested in having a basic knowledge of the complex set of rules dealing with international trade. Nguyen Thi Hoang Thuy
Project Director EU-Viet Nam MUTRAP III
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TEXTBOOK INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS LAW
PREFACE International Trade and Business Law is about empowering states in some areas and facilitating their business or other transactions with other states and entities - while restraining their activities in other areas for the greater good of the individual and the society, both national and international. This body of law aims to lay down the rules of fair play in the conduct of international economic relations to ensure a fairer society for all. In other words, the role of International Trade and Business Law is to ensure a level playing field for all states in order to enable them to maximize their potential and/or to optimize their unique selling points. Each and every individual is gifted with some unique qualities or strengths; the legal system of any state should be designed to enable these individuals to fulfill their potential without harming or undermining the interests of others in the society. The objective is for individuals to pursue their dreams - whatever these may mean to them. Some people are happy to become millionaires or even billionaires, while some others are happy to become nuns or monks, or to work for charitable organizations. The same is true of nation-states: basically, a collection of individuals bound by certain common characteristics and objectives. Therefore, International Trade and Business Law, is designed to enable states to offer to the international community what they have; this is in return for what other states have to offer to them. Thus, the element of reciprocity and the promotion of national interests lie at the heart of human behaviour, and states are no exception. This is especially the case with International Trade and Business Law. Dissimilarly to other specific areas of international law, International Trade and Business Law is directly relevant to the economy and prosperity
PREFACE
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of a nation. In other words, it concerns directly the basic economic interests of a nation. Hence, each and every state is careful in accepting the rules governing international trade and business. Every state knows, however, that without accepting certain basic principles of international law of trade and business it would not be able to trade with other states or otherwise to engage in other business activities. The irony in the world of international trade is that every state wishes other states to open their doors as widely as possible by pursuing policies of trade and economic liberalization; conversely, states may also try to close their own doors as tightly as possible by pursuing protectionist policies. Here, indeed, is where the law is needed: to intervene to ensure fair play, and fairly to settle disputes in the case of foul play. The role of the law may be described as akin to that of a referee or an umpire in a sports match whose sole purpose is to ensure fair play. Associated with the idea of fair play is the creation of a level playing field for the business participants of the day. Trade is one of the early attributes of human activity. The very word ‘trade’ signifies an economic activity that is voluntary and is based on reciprocity. Starting with the barter system in antiquity, humans began, when forms of money were invented, to trade in goods for cash. In fact, it was trade that contributed to the invention of money. As this voluntary reciprocal economic activity began to grow both geographically and in volume, it was regulated, initially by the traders themselves and then by the authorities, such that trade was fair; that it was free from distortions. Much of human civilization has developed with and around the expansion of trade and the desire firstly, to survive and subsequently, to create wealth through trade. Early attempts to regulate trade were designed to facilitate trade by providing the basic code of conduct for those engaged in international trade. This code of conduct was developed in due course under both public and private international law to cater for the growth in trade and business activities. Accordingly, one of the visions of the new world order conceived towards the end of World War II was the liberalization of international trade to stimulate economic growth through the establishment of an International Trade Organization (‘ITO’).
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TEXTBOOK INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS LAW
Although the ITO never came into existence, its fundamental concept of the liberalization of international trade was pursued through the GATT and some other international legal instruments; many of these eventually became part of the WTO law when this world trade organization was established in 1995, following the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations between 1986 and 1994. There have been a number of developments within private international law, too, since the end of World War II. These were designed to facilitate as well as to regulate international trade and business. Consequently, there is now a considerable body of public and private international law dealing with international trade and business, and this Textbook entitled, International Trade and Business Law, is an attempt to provide a comprehensive yet succinct overview of this body of law. The Textbook covers a wide range of topics in International Trade and Business Law pertaining to both public and private international law. It is the result of an ambitious project designed to produce a comprehensive tool of study for Vietnamese students, government officials, lawyers and scholars. Vietnam adopted a new economic reform policy, known as ‘Doi Moi’, in order to usher the country along the road to economic liberalization and economic reform in 1986. As part of that drive, Vietnam made an application to join the WTO and was in 2007 duly admitted to this world trade organization. Since the introduction of ‘Doi Moi’ and membership of the WTO, in particular, Vietnam has witnessed a massive growth in international trade and business activity, requiring new laws, regulations and policies to regulate such activities. Vietnam’s membership of the WTO was a catalyst for a number of new developments in the legal system of the country, because Vietnam had to undertake a number of new commitments to join the WTO. Complying with these commitments required enacting new laws and adopting new policies. Vietnam’s membership of the WTO has transformed the legal landscape in the country. Consequently, Vietnam is now not only a fullyfledged member of the WTO; it is also a thriving market economy with a socialist political system. The country has in the recent past attracted a
PREFACE
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huge amount of foreign investment and has become one of the world’s fastest-growing economies. Parallel to such opportunities come the responsibilities to operate within agreed international rules. There has, for Vietnam’s success, to be a well-educated or-trained human resource capable of interacting with other global actors and promoting and protecting the national interests of the country. Vietnam’s interaction with the actors in the field of international trade and business has increased a great deal. The Vietnamese legal system has responded and is still responding to the challenges stimulated by these changes in the sphere of international economic and legal activity. Therefore, there is a need to prepare a new generation of Vietnamese lawyers and government officials who can understand and handle appropriately the matters raised by these phenomenal changes taking place nationally and internationally; they must help the people of the country to maximize the benefits resulting from these changes. For this, they need good academic material - and this Textbook on International Trade and Business Law is designed to meet that need and demand. It includes chapters authored by both Vietnamese and foreign authors dealing with both international legal and Vietnamese legal issues pertaining to both public and private international trade and business law. Such an inclusive approach provides the students with both international and Vietnamese perspectives into these areas of law. The various contributors provide a comprehensive treatment of the topics selected for inclusion in the Textbook. These range from WTO law, including the trade in goods and services, and intellectual property protection, to international commercial dispute resolution, including international commercial arbitration, regional trading arrangements or regional economic integration schemes such as NAFTA, EU and ASEAN, and e-commerce. The chapters are both informative and analytical and are contributed by academics, practitioners, government officials and researchers of both older and younger generation most of whom carry a wealth of expertise and experience in the areas concerned. Since this Textbook is designed primarily for law students, government
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TEXTBOOK INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS LAW
officials, researchers and lawyers in Vietnam, the approach is obviously a legalistic one based on the analysis of national and international legal instruments, case law or jurisprudence and established customs and norms of behaviour. An attempt has been made to make it as reader- or studentfriendly as possible. All chapters end with a list of questions for reflection by students and other readers in order to stimulate their thinking and analysis. Similarly, all chapters provide a list of further reading for those willing to develop further their understanding of a given area of law. Although the length and the style of presentation vary from one chapter to another, as is quite natural for a collection of this nature, consisting as it does of contributions by many people with their own different legal, practical and scholarly backgrounds, an attempt has been made to achieve uniformity and consistency throughout the text in order to present it as a cohesive Textbook. All in all, it is hoped that this Textbook would prove to be a valuable academic material and source of reference for those interested in International Trade and Business Law and in its application and ramifications in Vietnam. It has been a pleasure for me to work with the Coordinating Committee of the Action of the Hanoi Law University (HLU) on this Textbook and I wish to thank them for their excellent cooperation. Professor Dr. Surya P. Subedi DPhil (Oxford); Barrister (England) Professor of International Law University of Leeds, UK Editor
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
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TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS AAA
American Arbitration Association
AANZFTA
ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area
ABAC
APEC Business Advisory Council
ACFA
Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between ASEAN and China
ACFTA
ASEAN-China Free Trade Area
ACIA
ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement
ACP
African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries
AD
Anti-dumping
ADA
Anti-dumping Agreement
ADR
Alternative Dispute Resolution
AEC
ASEAN Economic Community
AFAS
ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services
AFT
ASEM Fund of Trust
AFTA
ASEAN Free Trade Area
AHTN
ASEAN Harmonized Tariff Nomenclature
AIA
ASEAN Investment Area
AITIG
ASEAN-India Trade in Goods
AJCEP
ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership
AKAI
ASEAN-Korea Agreement on Investment
AKFA AKTIG
ASEAN-Korea Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation ASEAN-Korea Trade in Goods Agreement
AKTIS
ASEAN-Korea Trade in Services Agreement
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TEXTBOOK INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS LAW
AMS
Aggregate Measurement of Support
APEC
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
APEC-MRA
Mutual Recognition Agreement within the APEC
ASEAN
Association of South-east Asian Nations
ASEM
Asia-Europe Meetings
ATC
Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
ATIGA
ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement
BC
Before Christ
BDC
Beneficiary Developing Country
BFTAs
Bilateral Free Trade Agreements
BIT
Bilateral Investment Treaty
BTA
Agreement between the United States of America and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on Trade Relations
BTAs
Bilateral Trade Agreements
CAP
Common Agricultural Policy
CDB
Convention on Biodiversity
CEPEA
Comprehensive Economic Partnership in the East Asia
CEPT
Agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme for the ASEAN Free Trade Area
CFI CFR
Court of First Instance Cost and Freight (formerly known as C&F)
CIETAC
Chinese International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission
CIF
Cost, Insurance and Freight
CIP
Carriage and Insurance Paid to
CISG
United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sales of Goods 1980; or Vienna Convention 1980
CJ
Court of Justice (formerly known as ECJ - European Court of Justice)
CJEU
Court of Justice of the European Union
CLMV
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
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CM
Common Market
COMESA
Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa
CPC
United Nations Central Product Classification
CPT
Carriage Paid to
CTG
Council ...