The 1960s and other Liberation Movements PDF

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The 1960s and other Liberation Movements 4.3.17 Major Questions 1. How did the CRM influence social activism in the 1960s and 1970s? 2. What historical factors combined to create the 1960s? 3. How did these movements influence politics, law, and society? What were their lasting influences? IDs 1. Red Power Movement 2. United Farm workers (UFW) 3. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) 4. Stonewall Riot 5. National Organization Women (NOW) 6. Equal Rights Amendments (ERA) What created the 1960s? 1. Demographics (baby boomer generation) 2. Economics (affluence and its discontents) 3. Historical Context (CRM and Vietnam) Many Movements influenced by CRM and Black Power ● Reminder that Black Power Movement used more direct, confrontational tactics ● Backlash to mainstream, white American culture and the failures of legal reform ● Emerged in urban areas, especially in the West (Los Angeles) and North (Detroit) MLK’s “last speech” in 1968 shows his frustration with the government, echoed by other liberation movements Red Power Movement ● Congress no longer recognizes tribes as sovereign (1953) ● Early groups held “fish-ins” ● American Indian Movement (AIM) (est’d 1968) ● Occupied Alcatraz Island (1969) and Wounded Knee (1973) ● “Trail of Broken Treaties” (1972) ● Coalition of different tribes attempting to resist assimilation ● Eventually secured laws that est’d new water, fishing, and land rights Chicano Movement ● Claimed “brown power” ● United FarmWorkers (UFW) (1962) created a labor union to protect impoverished and exploited farm workers ○ Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, co-founders ○ Led massive grape boycott in 1970 ○ Helped end the bracero program in 1964 The New Left Movement

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Largely white, college students disillusioned with materialism, old War politics, and Democratic Party ● Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the Port Huron Statement (1962) ● Berkeley Free Speech Movement (begins 1964) ○ Challenging university power, in loco parentis policies ● Part of global trend in student movements ● Very active in anti-Vietnam protest Gay Liberation Movement: “Gay is Good!” ● Begins in late sixties: Stonewall Inn Riot (1969) in Greenwich Village, NYC ● By 1973, over 800 openly gay equal rights groups ● Pushed for an end to job discrimination based on sexuality and repeal anti-sodomy laws ● DSM removes homosexuality as mental disorder in 1973 Women’s Liberation Movement and the “Sexual Revolution” ● Counterculture pushes for more open embrace of sex divorced from its reproductive function ● Major development: the Birth Control Pill (1960) ○ By 1970, more than 10 million women “on the pill” ● Feminists publish Our Bodies, Ourselves (1969) ● The Joy of Sex (1972) ● Roe v. Wade (1973) declares abortions in the first trimester constitutional “Second Wave” Feminist Movement ● Emerges in late 1960s, prefaced by a few important factors: ● JFK est’d the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (1961-62) which showed widespread discrimination in work, education ● Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique (1963) ● Many women take roles in the New Left and CRM, find themselves undervalued ○ Casey Hayden and Mary KIng criticize SNCC in 1965 in a memo ● Civil Rights ACts (1964) outlawed discrimination based on gender, but EEOC would not enforce this ban ○ Women created a civil rights group for themselves in 1966, The National Organization for Women (NOW) to put pressure on federal government ○ First president is Betty Friedan Feminists tackled many diverse issues ● Women’s liberation groups launched “consciousness-raising” parties to expose sexism in everyday life ● Certain organizations like Women Against Pornography (WAP) targeted porn, viewing it as a form of violence against women ● Also targeted rape culture; helped outlaw marital rape in all 50 states by 1993 ● In 1969, about 400 women crowned a sheep “Miss America” to protest the pageant The Equal Rights Amendments (ERA) Failure ● NOW and other feminist groups lobbied heavily for the ERA (originally created in the 1920s) ○ Single sentence; “The equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or

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abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.” Nearly passesin 1972; thwarted by Phyllis Schlafly, rising star of the new conservative movement ○ Seen by detractors as a threat to the foundation of America: the family

Legacies of the Social Movements of the 1960s...