The conditions of europe, america, and spain. criteria for heroes PDF

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HANDOUTS 1 Executive Summary No law, executive order or proclamation has been enacted or issued officially proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as a national hero. However, because of their significant roles in the process of nation building and contributions to history, there were laws enacted and proclamations issued honoring these heroes. Even Jose Rizal, considered as the greatest among the Filipino heroes, was not explicitly proclaimed as a national hero. The position he now holds in Philippine history is a tribute to the continued veneration or acclamation of the people in recognition of his contribution to the significant social transformations that took place in our country. Aside from Rizal, the only other hero given an implied recognition as a national hero is Andres Bonifacio whose day of birth on November 30 has been made a national holiday. Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes, they remain admired and revered for their roles in Philippine history. Heroes, according to historians, should not be legislated. Their appreciation should be better left to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be recognition enough. 1. Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes

1.1 National Heroes Committee On March 28, 1993 , President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No.75 entitled “Creating the National Heroes Committee Under the Office of the President”. The principal duty of the Committee is to study, evaluate and recommend Filipino national personages/heroes in due recognition of their sterling character and remarkable achievements for the country. 1.2 Findings and Recommendations of the National Heroes Committee In compliance with Executive Order No. 75 dated March 28, 1993 , the National Heroes Committee submitted its findings and recommendations. 1.2.1 Criteria for National Heroes The Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee held a series of meetings on June 3, 1993 , August 19,1993 , September 12, 1994 and November 15, 1995 , defining, discussing and deliberating upon the merits of the various definitions and

criteria of a hero. The Committee adopted the following criteria as basis for historical researchers in determining who among the great Filipinos will be officially proclaimed as national heroes: Criteria for National Heroes (Adopted by the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee on June 3, 1993 , Manila . Members of the Committee included Drs. Onofre D. Corpuz, Samuel K. Tan, Marcelino Foronda, Alfredo Lagmay, Bernardita R. Churchill, Serafin D. Quiason, Ambeth Ocampo, then known as Dom Ignacio Maria, Prof. Minerva Gonzales and Mrs. Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil) 1. Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation’s freedom. Our own struggle for freedom was begun by Bonifacio and finished by Aguinaldo, the latter formally declaring the revolution’s success. In reality, however, a revolution has no end. Revolutions are only the beginning. One cannot aspire to be free only to sink back into bondage. 2. Heroes are those who define and contribute to a system or life of freedom and order for a nation. Freedom without order will only lead to anarchy. Therefore, heroes are those who make the nation’s constitution and laws, such as Mabini and Recto. To the latter, constitutions are only the beginning, for it is the people living under the constitution that truly constitute a nation. 3. Heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation. (As defined by Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz) Additional Criteria for Heroes (Adopted by the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee on November 15, 1995, Manila) 1. A hero is part of the people’s expression. But the process of a people’s internalization of a hero’s life and works takes time, with the youth forming a part of the internalization. 2. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations. 3. The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in history, but of the entire process that made this particular person a hero. (As defined by Dr. Alfredo Lagmay) 1.2.2 Historical Figures Recommended as National Heroes On November 15, 1995 , the Technical Committee after deliberation and careful study based on Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz’ and Dr. Alfredo Lagmay’s criteria selected the following nine Filipino historical figures to be recommended as National Heroes:

a. Jose Rizal b. Andres Bonifacio c. Emilio Aguinaldo d. Apolinario Mabini e. Marcelo H. del Pilar f. Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat g. Juan Luna h. Melchora Aquino i. Gabriela Silang 1.2.3 Status of the Report/Recommendations Submitted by the National Heroes Committee. Since the submission of the report/recommendations by the National Heroes Committee to then Secretary Ricardo T. Gloria of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports on November 22,1995 , no action has been taken. This was probably because this might trigger a flood of requests for proclamations. Another possibility is that the proclamations can trigger bitter debates involving historical controversies about the heroes. 2. Laws Honoring/ Commemorating Filipino Historical Figures 2.1 Heroes 2.1.1 Jose Rizal 2.1.1.1 Decree of December 20, 1898 , issued by General Emilio Aguinaldo, declared December 30 of every year a day of national mourning in honor of Dr. Jose Rizal and other victims of the Philippine Revolution. 2.1.1.2 Act No. 137, which organized the politico-military district of Morong into the Province of Rizal , was the first official step taken by the Taft Commission to honor our greatest hero and martyr. 2.1.2 Andres Bonifacio 2.1.2.1 Act No. 2946, enacted by the Philippine Legislature on February 16, 1921 , made November 30 of each year a legal holiday to commemorate the birth of Andres Bonifacio 2.1.2.2 Act No. 2760, issued on February 23, 1918 , confirmed and ratified all steps taken for the creation, maintenance, improvement of national monuments and particularly for the erection of a monument to the memory of Andres Bonifacio 2.1.3 Other Heroes

2.1.3.1 Act No. 3827, enacted by the Philippine Legislature on October 28, 1931 , declared the last Sunday of August of every year as National Heroes Day. 2.1.3.2 Proclamation No. 510, issued by Pres. Fidel V.Ramos on November 30, 1994 , declared the year 1996 as the year of Filipino Heroes as a tribute to all Filipinos who, directly and indirectly, gave meaning and impetus to the cause of freedom, justice, Philippine independence and nationhood. 2.1.3.3 R.A. No. 9070, April 8, 2001, declaring the eighteenth of December of every year as a special working public holiday throughout the country to be known as the Graciano Lopez-Jaena Day 2.2 Other Historical Figures 2.2.1 R.A. No. 6701, February 10, 1989, declaring September One of every year, the death anniversary of Gregorio Aglipay y Labayan, as Gregorio L. Aglipay Day and a special non-working holiday in the Municipality of Batac, Province of Ilocos Norte 2.2.2 R.A. No. 7285, March 24, 1992, declaring February Nineteen of each year as Doña Aurora Aragon Quezon Day a special nonworking holiday in the Province of Aurora in order to commemorate the birth anniversary of Doña Aurora Aragon Quezon, the first President of the Philippine National Red Cross, and Foundation Day of the Province 2.2.3 R.A. No. 7805, September 1, 1994, declaring January 28 of every year as a nonworking special public holiday in the City of Cavite to be known as Julian Felipe Day 2.2.4 R.A. No. 7950, March 25, 1995, declaring December Eighteen of every year as “Araw ng Laguna” and a special working day in the Province of Laguna and the City of San Pablo to commemorate the memory and death of the late Governor Felicisimo T. San Luis 2.2.5 R.A. No. 9067, April 8, 2001 , declaring April 15 of every year as President Manuel A. Roxas Day which shall be observed as a special working public holiday in the Province of Capiz and the City of Roxas

THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPE, AMERICA, SPAIN The 19th Century was a century of change. It is the era of challenges and responses and It is the major changes that affect man and society. During the last two decades of the previous century, the age of enlightenment reach its zenith in France , culminating in the French Revolution of 1789. In this age ideas of freedom, liberty and equality, and

the belief in the sovereignty of the people in determining government thundered all across Europe. The French Revolution resulted in the toppling of the monarchy of king Louis XVI and the ushering in the French Republic. Though France was able to slide back to monarchy following establishments of Napoleon Bonaparte’s French Empire and the restored Bourbon dynasty, the ideas of Philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu, Francois- Marie Arouet (Voltaire), and English man John Locke spread around the world like like a conflagration. The world was never the same again. The struggle for equal rights ha spread over the world. Europe went up in revolution from 1848. with the regimes of the absolute monarchs in France and Austria being toppled by people seeking more responsible governments. In 1861, the year of Rizal’s birth, Tsar Alexander II emancipated Russian serfs. That year, the Italians under Giuseppe Garibaldi, threw out the Austrians and took over the papal lands. Italian nationalism ended the domination of the Church and united the various Italian states as one country. Germany, on the other hand was in the process of unification which lasted until 1871. In the United states president Abraham Lincoln emancipated the black slaves but also triggered the American Civil War which lasted from 1861 to 1865. At the south of the U.S. border, Mexican troops dealt a humiliating defeat on the French-supported regime of Archduke Maximilian. In France, the regime of Napoleon III was crumbling after the debacle in Mexico. Later, the French overthrew the monarchists and established a republic. At this time, however, most of Spain’s colonies such as those in South and Central America, such as Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, and others have won their independence from Spain through revolution. The Philippines was one of Spain’s remaining colonies along with Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Spanish Sahara.

The Need for Reforms: Representation During Napoleon’s time, Spain was part of France’s alliance against Great Britain in the Continental System. When this alliance faltered, Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808 and installed his brother Joseph as king. The Spaniards resisted the French, and

Spanish patriots declared allegiance to their crown prince Ferdinand and gathered in the city of Cadiz where they crafted a constitution. The Constitution of Cadiz had a novel feature of allowing colonies to be represented in the Spanish parliament called the Cortes. The Philippines therefor was given representation for the very first time, and Ventura de los Reyes, a Spaniard born in the Philippines, was selected to represent the colony. However after Napoleon was defeated, Ferdinand who had become King Ferdinand VII, abolished the Cortes, saying that the body encroached on powers he believed belonged solely to him. The decision was unpopular as Spain’s American colonies began to revolt and sought independence.

In 1820, the Spanish people rose up and the king hostage. They force him to reconvene the Cortes and restore the representation of the colonies. The restoration of the Cortes was short- lived as France, under the Bourbons sent an army which restored Ferdinand to absolute rule and caused the abolition of the Cortes. In 1833, Ferdinand VII died and the Cortes was again restored. However at this time, the body held a secret session in which it was decided that the Philippines should not be accorded representation. From the time on, the Philippines had no representation in the Cortes. Representation in this body was one of the reforms demanded by reformists like Rizal. It would have given the Filipinos the right to be heard in the body and equal rights with the Spaniards. After Ferdinand VII died the country was ruled by his daughter, Queen Isabela II, whose rule was characterized be decadence and mismanagement. Other European powers such as Great Britain and France become leading powers in the continent.

Conditions in Asia in the 19th Century:

In Asia, there were renewed efforts of European penetration with the weakening of Spain and Portugal and the rise of Great Britain and France. The British gained its colony in Hong Kong and forced China to open five ports to its traders following China’s

defeat in the Opium War of 1839-1842. China was humiliated with another defeat in the Arrow War 0f 1856-1858 when the British, now joined by the French, forced China to open the whole country to foreigners. Furthermore, Great Britain enlarged its colony in Hong Kong by taking over Kowloon. Japan was forced open by the Americans under Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854. Unlike the Chinese, were able to parry western request to make Yokohama a treaty port. India became crown colony of Great Britain in 1858 following the suppression of the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857. Burma became a colony of Great Britain after three Burmese wars in 1842-1826, 1826, 1862-1863, and 18851886. Near the Philippines, Indo-China became a protectorate of France following the suppression of the kingdoms of Annam and Cochin-China. Filipino troops from Manila played a role in the conquest of Indo-China for France. Malaysia became a protectorate and eventually a colony of Great Britain while Indonesia was conquered by the Dutch of Netherlands....