The-Road-to-Democracy-How-the-Crises-Were-Managed PDF

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The Road to DemocracyHow the crises were managed - negotiation, conflict, compromise, settlement, elections . Introduction In 1989, the NP elected a new leader named F. de Klerk 1989 was also the year in which the Cold War came to an end. The Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union entered a ...

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The Road to Democracy How the crises were managed - negotiation, conflict, compromise, settlement, elections . Introduction In 1989, the NP elected a new leader named F.W. de Klerk 1989 was also the year in which the Cold War came to an end. The Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union entered a period of glasnost, with the USA remaining the world’s only Superpower. The ‘communist threat’ which the National Party had said it was fighting, no longer existed. The South African government was deprived of the main reason for its internal repression and its aggressive foreign policy. The ANC could no longer rely on the Soviet Union for support. De Klerk argued that the time had come to negotiate with the mass-based opposition parties. On 2 February 1990, De Klerk announced the release of Nelson Mandela. He also unbanned the ANC, the PAC, the SACP and all other banned organisations. On 11 February 1990 Mandela was released Negotiations Formal negotiations began at The Convention of a new South Africa (CODESA). CODESA 1 was preceded by three key meetings between the South African government and the ANC to prepare the way: 4 May 1990: Groote Schuur Minute: Both parties agreed to end the violence Both parties agreed to process of negotiation 6 August 1990: The Pretoria Minute: The ANC stopped the armed struggle 14 September 1991: The National Peace Accord was signed by representatives of twenty-seven political organisations and national and homeland governments. They pledged themselves to greater tolerance towards each other. CODESA I began on 20 December 1991 at the World Trade Centre in Kempton Park. Nineteen groups were represented at CODESA, including: South African government, National Party, African National Congress, Inkatha Freedom Party The right-wing white Conservative Party and the left-wing Pan Africanist Congress boycotted CODESA. Whites only referendum: March 1992 The credibility of De Klerk’s government among whites was uncertain. In the period between CODESA I and CODESA II in early 1992, the NP lost three by-elections to the Conservative Party. If his position was not supported by his own white constituency, the negotiations could not work. De Klerk announced a ‘whites only’ referendum to test white opinion on reform and negotiations. The National Party warned the white voters that a ‘no’ vote would mean continued tough international sanctions, and civil war. Big business leaders collected funds to promote a ‘yes’ vote. On the other hand, the Conservative Party played on white racial prejudices, and tried to scare white voters to vote ‘no’ with old ‘swart gevaar’ (black danger) propaganda. The result of the referendum was a landslide ‘yes’. De Klerk had the mandate he needed.

CODESA II: Formal negotiations were renewed at CODESA II CODESA II took place in May 1992, but did not last long. In June 1992, violence erupted in Boipatong. Armed members of the Inkatha Freedom Party with the assistance of the police attacked the residents of Boipatong killing about 46 people in what became known as the Boipatong Massacre. Mandela accused De Klerk's government of complicity in the attack and withdrew the ANC from the negotiations, leading to the end of CODESA II. Conflict After the Boipatong Massacre and the breakdown of negotiations at CODESA II, the ANC took to the streets with a programme of "rolling mass action". In September 1992, a crowd of about 80 000 people gathered in Bisho to protest against the Ciskei “homeland” government of Brigadier Oupa Gqozo. Ciskei troops and the South African Defence Force opened fire on the protesters, killing 28 people. After massacres at Boipatong and Bisho, the Goldstone Commission of Inquiry was set up to investigate the violence. The Goldstone Commission found that the clashes were not only between the ANC and the IFP but that the government had played a role in the form of the covert operation of the Third Force, which consisted of apartheid power stakeholders who actively opposed a non-racial democracy in South Africa. The right-wing was demanding an independent Afrikaner province or Volkstaat and the recognition of Afrikaans as the main official language. The AWB, the CP and the VF launched a number of protests and threatened war. Compromise Following the collapse of CODESA II, behind the scenes talks between the ANC and the NP became the main negotiation channel. Two key negotiators were Cyril Ramaphosa of the ANC, and Roelf Meyer of the National Party. After meeting several times, the government and the ANC agreed on a Record of Understanding on 26 September 1992. Both the government and the ANC made compromises. The government agreed to: Release more political prisoners Ban the carrying of ‘traditional’ weapons. In previous negotiations, De Klerk's government had been pushing for a two-phase transition, with an appointed transitional government with a rotating presidency. The ANC pushed instead for a transition in a single stage to majority rule. The ANC compromised with the National Party’s demands by agreeing to: A Government of National Unity. The GNU would include all parties which obtained over 5% of the vote in democratic elections for the first five years. The meant that the National Party was sure to be included. The term 'sunset clause' was used for this compromise. It allowed the gradual phasing out of white rule rather than one dramatic handover of power. The negotiation process was about to restart.

Settlement On 2 April 1993, the Multi-Party Negotiation Process (MPNP) began at the World Trade Centre in Kempton Park. The structure and process was very different to CODESA. The white right (the Conservative Party and the Afrikaner Volksunie), the Pan Africanist Congress, the KwaZulu Bantustan government and delegations of "traditional leaders" initially participated in the Multiparty Negotiating Forum. The negotiating forum was responsible for finalising all decisions made. The two main negotiating parties, the ANC and the NP, agreed to reach bilateral consensus on issues before taking them to the other parties in the forum. This put considerable pressure on the other parties to agree with the consensus or be left behind. . Assassination of Chris Hani and Right Wing Threats On Saturday morning, 10 April 1993, Chris Hani was shot and killed in the driveway of his home in Boksburg, by right-winger Janusz Walus, The murder of Chris Hani threatened to derail the negotiation process. Nelson Mandela went on national television and called upon South Africans to act with restraint to prevent the country from being engulfed in civil war. Hani’s assassination was a serious threat to negotiations. The ANC called for the immediate announcement of the date for general elections and a Transitional Executive Council. The extremist right wing AWB interrupted the negotiations on 15 June 15 1993, when they stormed the World Trade Centre in an armoured vehicle, breaking the glass front of the building. They entered the building with guns in a bid to wreck the negotiations. However, his death ultimately proved a turning point, after which the main parties pushed for a settlement with increased determination. Elections Just two days before the election, Central Johannesburg suffered a bombing carried out by the white right-wing. The bomb went off outside the African National Congress regional and national headquarters. Nine people were killed On Election Day, a car bomb at Johannesburg's Jan Smuts Airport injured 16 people and caused massive structural damage to the north face of the building. These serious incidents of political violence were carried out by members of the AWB in support of the organisation's struggle to prevent majority rule. The election took place over three days (27-29 April) in 1994. For the first time, all South African adults in the country went to the polls. Nineteen political parties participated and twenty-two million people voted in a hugely successful election. The African National Congress (ANC) won the election with 62.65 % of the vote. The National Party (NP) received 20.39 % Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) 10.54 % Freedom Front (FF) 2.2 % Democratic Party (DP) 1.7 % Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) 1.2 % African Christian Democratic Party 0.5 %...