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1 Kim Baptista (H4651386) E117 TMA02 Responding to feedback. From TMA01, it has been suggested I make improvements to focusing on key points, referencing and the quantity of evidence I use. I need to ensure I maintain focus on they ley assignment points, I can do this by getting my work proofread. Asking them to check both grammar and that I haven’t waffled off topic. I also need to tweak my referencing for both my in-text citations and the reference list. Additionally, I must be careful when using references that are older than 10 years old. Reference older than 10 years should only be used if it has withstood the test of time. Furthermore, when using a reference with no date the date needs to be replaced with “N.D”. when using a secondary citation, the intext citation needs both the original author and who cited it but in the reference list I only need to name the secondary author.

A further improvement I should make is including more evidence to back up the points I make. Is should also try and make the majority of this evidence come from the course materials. The sections in my essay should also be equally balanced.

2 Kim Baptista (H4651386) E117 TMA02

Can claims made in the poster be backed up by evidence?

Figure 1: TMA02 poster (TMA02 The Open University 2020)

The claims about anxiety, depression and the magic combination are supported by research. On the other hand, however the claim about “running with others improves adherence to a positive physically active lifestyle” (The Open University) is not fully supported by research. Additionally, the claim about making a positive change isn’t 100% suitable as it isn’t fitting with the psychological benefits theme and therefore the poster would be strengthened if claims about increased self-esteem and learning to deal with adversity were added. The activity is appropriate for the target audience and is supported by evidence.

The poster claims that physical activity prevents and relieves anxiety and depression (The Open University), this is supported by evidence. State anxiety, which is the feeling of nervousness in specific situation (Sharkey and Gaskill, 2013). Hale and Raglan (2002) found that taking part in exercise reduced this (cited by Sharkey and Gaskill, 2013). Trait anxiety, which is a steady state of nervousness, is back up ny

3 Kim Baptista (H4651386) E117 TMA02 Landers and Petruzello (1994). They conducted a study on police officers, firefighter and patients and found exercise had a moderate effect on reducing trait anxiety (cited by Sharkey and Gaskill, 2013). Depression is “characterised by sadness, low self-esteem, pessimism, hopelessness, and despair” (Sharkey and Gaskill, 2013),which is backed up by North, McCullagh, and Tran (1990) who found that exercise sessions significantly reduced depression with a larger reduction being noted with longer programmes (cited by Sharkey and Gaskil 2013. The “magic combination claim is also supported however not by research. Two women in video 11.1 (The Open university) said running in a group adds extra incentives for them and the group acts as a distraction as well as providing supportive friendships Howells, N.D.). proving combing exercise and socialising is highly effective.

On the other hand, some claims are not supported or are not strictly psychological benefits of physical activity. The claim about adherence (The Open University) isn’t supported by evidence in the module and is a controversial topic. Some sources say exercising with others increases adherence as others mannerisms will rub off onto you however this is contradicted by some sources suggesting it can cause people to push themselves to the extreme causing themselves harm as they will go to extreme lengths to better themselves. The claim about positive change (The Open University) isn’t solely a psychological benefit and therefore doesn’t fit the posters theme. The positive change could be psychological, physiological, social or any combination.

To strengthen the poster claims about increases self-esteem, which is a subjective evaluation of ourselves resulting in our beliefs of what we are worth and to what extent we feel positive about ourselves (Howells, 2020), should be added. selfesteem is increased on receival of praise or after success, it is decreased with failure, harsh criticism and/or rejection (Howells, 2020). Dolenc (2015) demonstrated how sport and exercise increases self-esteem. The study compared 141 Slovenian adolescents who were involved with regular activity to 179 Slovenian adolescents who were not involved in regular sporting activities outside school PE. The results concluded that participation in sport has an effect on self-esteem (Howells 2020).

4 Kim Baptista (H4651386) E117 TMA02 Additionally, adding learning to deal with adversity would also strengthen the poster. An adversity is an event were things go wrong and are considered traumatic. Sport help to deal with adversity by building up resilience, which is the ability to cope under pressure, and to experience growth, which occurs after a traumatic experience resulting in us becoming mentally stronger (Howells 2020).

Additionally, the wording of the claim about making a positive change to life could be worded differently to fit in with the psychological benefits of exercise theme of the poster. It should be more specific and state ‘make psychological improvements”. Not only is this more specific it also acts as an umbrella term summarising the other claims by the poster. There is evidence to suggest that group running is appropriate for the target audience of women when it is done in such a way to avoid overuse injuries such as stress fractures and shin splints. An American study into female runners found that they produced a potent form of oestrogen much less than those who didn’t exercise. This means running will help protect them from developing uterine, breast and colon cancer, reducing the risk by 50% (dr Sharmila samarnayake, 2020). The group aspect is also appropriate as there will be a sense of belonging for the women which will increase self-esteem (The open university) which is specifically important for females as when Dolenc (2015) compared the self-esteem of boys and girls, the girls had a significantly lower self-esteem (the open university). Furthermore, video 11.1 (up and running group) provides evidence that group running is suitable for females as the two women in the video describe how they sometimes found it hard to get out running when they felt down but once they joined the group it provided an extra incentive to go running. The women also say that running with others acted as a distraction and provided support in the form of friendships (the open university). Due to running being a weight bearing activity, as long as it is done in a sensible manner, it will help with bone demineralization or osteoporosis. These conditions usually occur in early adult life becoming more likely post menopause and risk increases with age and inactivity (Sharkey and Gaskill).

5 Kim Baptista (H4651386) E117 TMA02 To conclude all claims made on the poster are backed up by research and evidence from the module apart from the claim about adherence. This claim can be backed up by wider research however there is lots of conflicting information. To strengthen the posters claims, the claim about making a positive change to life should be altered to be more psychologically focused to fit the posters theme. Also, two additional psychological benefits should be added. Increased self-esteem and learning to deal with adversity. The activity is appropriate for women as running can help to prevent cancer in the reproductive organs, helps with bone structure and provides supportive friendships.

Implementing feedback. To prevent me waffling and going off topic I made sure to get my work proofread by a couple of people to double check I am only focusing on the key points of the essay. I have also improved my referencing. I did this in a couple of ways. Firstly, by not using any references that are over 10 years old unless they have withstood the test of time. For example, my oldest refence is from 2013 therefore have not used any sources that are outdated. I also attempted to improve the accuracy of my referencing however, I am still not very confident that I got this correct on every occasion. Next I ensured that when there was not a date specified in the source, I replaced the date with N.D. This can be seen in my reference of Howells’ work. Additionally, when using secondary citations, I ensured I referenced both authors in the in-text citation and then in the reference list I only used the secondary author. There are several examples of this in the second paragraph of the section about claims the poster makes. I also improved my essay by including a larger proportion of evidence from the module materials. This is evident because only one of my references was from wider reading. Another change I made to improve my work was to make each point of my essay to be equally balanced. When touching on each of the three questions advised, I have maintained a relatively balanced word count across the three subsections.

6 Kim Baptista (H4651386) E117 TMA02

Reference list:

dr Sharmila samarnayake, 2020 ‘effects of running on the female body (by a medical doctor)’ [online] available at https://www.runningshoesguru.com/content/effects-ofrunning-on-the-female-body-by-a-medical-doctor/ (accessed 21st December 2020)

Howells (N.D.) ‘learning to deal with adversity through sport’ E117: introduction to sport and fitness. The open university available at

7 Kim Baptista (H4651386) E117 TMA02 https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1636736§ion=1.5.1 (accessed 29th December 2020) Howells (N.D.) ‘the role of sport and exercise in self-esteem in children’ E117: introduction to sport and fitness. The open university [online] available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1636736§ion=1.4.1 (accessed 29th December 2020) Howells (N.D.) ‘what is self-esteem?’ E117: introduction to sport and fitness. The Open University [online] available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1636736§ion=1.4 (accessed 29th December 2020) Howells (n.d) ‘reducing anxiety and depression through physical activity’ E117: introduction to sport and fitness. The open university [online] available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1636736§ion=1.3.1 (accessed: 17th December 2020) sharkey and gaskill, 2013. Health & Fitness. 7th ed. champaign: human Kinetics, p.34-35 The Open University (2020) ‘TMA02’ [online] available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/course/format/oustudyplan/resource.php?id=1636739 (accessed 29th December) The Open University (2020) ‘TMA02’ [online] available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1664218 ( accessed 19th December 2020) The open university (2020) ‘video 11.1 up and running group’ [online] available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1636736§ion=1.3.1 (accessed 18th December 2020)...