Topic 4.1 Plate Tectonics (Module 24) PDF

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Topic 4.1 Plate Tectonics (Module 24)...

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Topic 4.1 Plate Tectonics (Module 24) Objective:

•

Describe the geological changes and events that occur at convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries.

STATION 1: Geological Timeline Era

Major Geological Event

Pr The Earth formed as a solid planet ote Forma3on of the atmosphere ad oceans roz oic First bacterial cells

MYA 4,600 3,800 3,500

Oxygen began to build up in the atmosphere

2,500

First eukaryotes

2,000

Pal First invertebrates (jellyfish,simple worms) eo First vertebrates (jawless fish) zoi c First mul3cellular organisms: the algae

600 550 510

First land plants (similar to ferns, had no flowers)

440

First land animals the insects

400

First amphibians

360

First reptiles

310

Me First dinosaurs soz oic First mammals

235

First birds

150

First flowering plants

140

Mass extinction of many types of life including dinosaurs

65

Ce First monkeys no zoi First hominids c Modern humans

225

65 4 0.05

STATION 2: Computer Interactive and Videos ! Computer Activity: https://www.learner.org/series/interactive-dynamic-earth/ A. Earth’s Structure Layer of the Earth

Composition/Other notes

1. Inner core

Extremely hot, solid sphere of mostly iron and nickel at the center of the earth 3200 to 3960 miles below the surface and about 750miles in diameter

2. Outer core

Only liquid layer of the earth a sea of mostly iron and nickel. It is roughly 1,800 to 3,200 miles (2,890 to 5,150 km) below the surface and about 1,400 miles (2,300 km) thick.

3.Mantle

Subdivided into two regions, upper and lower, this dense layer made of hot, semisolid rock is located directly below the crust and is about 1,800 miles (2,900 km) thick.

4. Crust

Hard and rigid, it's the earth's outermost and thinnest layer, only a few miles (5 km) thick under the oceans and averaging 20 miles (30 km) thick under the continents.

B. Plate Tectonics The scientist _Alfred Wegener_ first came up with the theory of plate tectonics in the early 1900s. What were the three pieces of evidence that Wegener’s theory was built on? 1. coastlines of Africa and South America looked like they might fit together 2. Same plant and animal fossils were found along the coasts of these continents, although they were now separated by vast oceans 3. Geologic formations, like mountain ranges, on the two continents also matched up The supercontinent __Pangaea_________________ began to break up __different l’animasses, or continents drifted to their current locations on the globe__ . True/False: Wegener’s new theory was widely supported by most scientists. F The modern theory of plate tectonics provides us with a framework for understanding what? It supports our understanding that continents are not fixed and moved over time, and explains how and why earthquakes, volcanoes, and other geologic events occur

Complete game: “Continents Over Time”

C. Plates & Boundaries How many tectonic plates make up the earth’s surface? _15________ What are the 2 types of crust and how are they different? 1. Oceanic crust only 4 to 6miles thick 2.Continental crust is thicker—about 20 to 40 miles thick and usually older than oceanic crust

Type of Boundary

Describe and give 1 real-life example

1. Convergent boundary

Two plates are pushing toward each other. The boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate at the Himalayas

2.Divergent boundary

Two plates that are moving apart from each other The boundary between African Plate and the Arabian plate in the Red Sea

3. transform boundary

Two plates slide past each other Boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate in California

Draw a picture

Which type of plate boundary is found running through the Bay Area? transform ___________________________ • Earthquakes (usually) • Himalayas • Island arcs • Mid-Atlantic Ridge • Mid-ocean ridge

• • • • •

• Slip-strike Mountain ranges • Tsunamis Rift San Andreas Fault • Volcanoes (usually) Seafloor spreading Subduction zone

D. Slip, Slide, & Collide Write the following terms under the type of plate boundary it relates to. You will need to click through and read both screens. Convergent

Divergent

Transform

Subduction zone Volcanoes Island arcs Tsunamis Himalayas

Seafloor spreading Mid-ocean ridge Rift

earthquake slip-strike San Andreas Fault Mid-Atlantic ranges

Mountain ranges

Why do many volcanoes and earthquakes tend to be found on plate boundaries? Transform boundaries are resulting faults produce many earthquakes because edges of tectonic plates are jagged rather than smooth.As plates grind past each other, the jagged edges strike each other, catch, and stick, "locking" the plates in place for a time. Because the plates are locked together without moving, a lot of stress builds up at the fault line. This stress is released in quick bursts when the plates suddenly slip into new positions. The sudden movement is what we feel as the shaking and trembling of an earthquake.

Plate Interactions Challenge Case Study 1

2

What kind of boundary?

What is predicted for the future?

Africa divergent boundary

Lakes suck as abaya will get deeper and wider

New Zealand transform boundary

Form faults visible as prominent lines or cracks in the landscape.large earthquakes occur

South Africa convergent boundary 3

Nazca plate is subducted under South American plate which has resulted in the creation of Andes range includes numerous active volcanoes and will have eruptions and strong earthquakes

! Video: What is a Volcano? (3:13) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgktM2luLok Describe in your own words how volcanoes form and erupt. Volcanoes erupt!when molten rock called magma rises to the surface. Magma is formed when the earth's mantle melts. Runny magma erupts through openings or vents in the earth's crust before flowing onto its surface as lava.

What are two ways volcanoes have been necessary to form our current environment? 1.Volcanoes first form the earth atmosphere by releasing water vapor and sulfur dioxide. 2.Volcanoes continue to contribute to the carbon cycle crucial to earth life by releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

! Video: Mt. St. Helens Eruption (6:27) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-H_HZVY1tT4&t=1s How can eruptions affect the environment and natural ecosystems? Carbon dioxide emitted from volcanoes!adds to the natural greenhouse effect. Sulphur dioxides cause environmental problems, because they are converted to sulphuric acid in the stratosphere, the main cause of acid rain. Most of the particles spewed from!volcanoes cool the planet by shading incoming solar radiation.

How can eruptions affect humans? Ash's abrasive particles can scratch the surface of the skin and eyes, causing discomfort and inflammation. If inhaled, volcanic ash can!cause breathing problems and damage the lungs. Inhaling large amounts of ash and volcanic gases can cause a person to suffocate.

Color me

STATION 3: Oreo Plate Tectonics

Video Stamp !

Divergent Boundary When you pull the top halves apart, you can see the filling underneath. If these were actual lithospheric plates moving apart on the aestenosphere, what would the filling represent? (Hint: It’s what lava is when it’s underground.) Magma What will that become as it cools? Igneous rock Turn it to the side and see if you can see a slight raised portion in the middle of the filling. This is a rift, and the most clear example of this is in the Atlantic Ocean where there is seafloor spreading in between the East and West Hemispheres.

Convergent Boundary What happens to the filling when you push the two halves together? Either half is destroyed or folded. What does this represent? Lithosphere Note: This is modeling two continental plates. If one plate was oceanic, then subduction would occur and the oceanic plate would sink down into the magma underneath the other. Transform Plate Boundary When you try to push the two halves laterally to slide past each other, what happens? Is it a smooth movement? No, they do not slide smoothly past one another, but rather stick then let go. You can feel that the two edges catch, and then slip, and then catch again. When the slipping happens, what real-life event is that modeling? Earthquake

Label the 3 types of faults

Transform.

Divergent.

Convergent

STATION 4: Types of Rocks https://www.learner.org/series/interactive-rock-cycle/

Types of Rocks Igneous

Sedimentary

Metamorphic

Magma cools and hardens

Particles of sand, shells, pebbles and other fragments of material

Under the surface of earth from the metamorphosis that occurs due to intense heat and pressure

Basalt and obsidian

Conglomerate and limestone

Gneiss and marble

Fairly soft and may break apart or crumble easily

Ribbonlike layers and may have shiny crystals

Formation

Types No crystal form and the rock looks shiny and Unique glasslike, sometimes gas characteristics bubbles are trapped in the rock

If you have time, click through the other activities under this tab and the tab “How Rocks Change”. Find “Transform the Rock” Interactive by clicking through “How Rocks Change”, using the site map at the bottom of the page, or by going directly to https://www.learner.org/wp-content/ interactive/rockcycle/transformrock/ ! Play the Interactive using what you know and the Rock Cycle diagram above. ! Go to “The Rock Cycle Diagram” tab and go to “Complete the Cycle” below. Answer the 5 questions about the rock cycle. Try to guess without looking at the chart. Your score:

5/5

STATION 5: Pangaea Puzzle

Proposed by: German meteorologist!Alfred Wegene in 1912 Formed in the Permian period ( 300 mya) Evidence:similar rock layers in various places,!fossilized desert belts, the distribution of fossils, and the physical shapes of continents

STATION 6: VOLCANOOOOOOO CH3COOH + NaHCO3 ! NaCH3COO + H2O + CO2 Acetic acid + Sodium bicarbonate ! Sodium acetate + Water + Carbon dioxide

Label the chemical compounds in the volcano equation above with their common names from the word bank. 2 of the compounds will have 2 labels. Which of these compounds would be found in the bubbles? ___________

• Water&Carbon dioxidE Video Stamp !

• Sodium acetate • Acetic acid • Baking soda • Water • Sodium bicarbonate • Carbon dioxide • Vinegar...