Tort law cases, Black letter law, notes and summary PDF

Preview

Summary

it is notes, case law for entire semester, plus important outcomes of cases. briefing for famous tort cases and class notes...

Description

To r tc a s e s

As s a ul t Cul l i s onv . me dl e y I :wh e t h e rMe d l e y ’ sa c t sc on s t i t u t e da s s a u l t ? R:a s s a u l ti si n t e n tt oc a u s eh a r m/ o ffe n s i v ec o n t a c to rc r e a t ei mmi n e nta p pr e he n s i o no fs u c h c o n t a c t A:i ft hep l a i n t i ffb e l i e v e dh ec o u l db eh u r t . C:s u mma r yj u d g me n ti ne r r o r .

Fa l s ei mpr i s o n me n t Mc Ca n nv . Wa l Ma r t I :wh e t h e rWa l ma r tme tt h ec o nfin e me n tr e q u i r e me n tf o rf a l s ei mp r i s o n me n t ? R:t h eme r et hr e a to fp h y s i c a lf o r c e ,o rac l a i mo fl a wf u la u t h o r i t yt or e s t r a i ni se n o u g ht os a t i s f y t h ec o n fin e me ntr e q u i r e me nt . A:t h ep l a i n t i ffwa su n d e rt h ei mp r e s s i o nt h a tt h ep o l i c ewa sb e i n gc a l l e da n dt he yh a dt og owi t h t h ee mp l o y e ea n dt h ee mp l o y e es t o o dg u a r do v e rt h e m wh i l ewa i t i n gf o rs e c ur i t y . C:a ffir me d , Wa l ma r tme tt h ec o n fin e me n tr e q u i r e me n tf o rf a l s ei mp r i s o n me n t .

Tr e s p a s st oc ha t t e l s Sc h oo lo fvi s u a la r t sv . Ku p r e wi c z I :wh e t h e rt h ec o mp l a i n ts t a t e sav a l i dc a u s eo fa c t i o nf o rt r e s p a s st oc h a t t e l ? R:i n t e n t i o n a l ,wi t h o u tj u s t i fic a t i o no rc on s e n t ,p h y s i c a li n t e r f e r e n c ewi t ht h eu s ea n de n j o y me n t o fp e r s o n a lp r o p e r t y ,a n dc a u s eh a r m. A:i ft hea l l e g e df a c t sa r et r u e ,S VAh a ss u ffic i e nt l ys t a t e dac a u s eofa c t i o nf o rt r e s p a s st o c h a t t e l s , a n dh a sa l l e g e df a c t sc o n s i s t i n ge a c he l e me n to ft h i sc l a i m. C:t h ec o mp l a i n ts t a t e sav a l i dc a us eo fa c t i o nf o rt r e s p a s st oc h a t t e l s .

De f e ns e st oi nt e nt i o na lt or t s Se l fde f e n s e Gr i me sv . Sa b a n I :wh e t h e rt h e r ea r eg e n u i n ei s s u e sofma t e r i a lf a c tf o rr e s o l u t i o na st op r e c l u d et h ee n t r yo f s u mma r yj u d g me n t ? R:ap e r s o ni sj u s t i fie dt ou s er e a s o n a b l ed e g r e eo ff o r c ewh e nne c e s s a r yt od e f e n dt h e ms e l v e s wh e nt he ya r en o tt h ei n i t i a t o ro ft h ea g g r e s s i o n . A:i fgr i me si st e l l i n gt h et r u t hSa b a n ’ sa g g r e s s i o nma yn o tb ej u s t i fie d . C:r e v e r e da ndr e ma n d e df o rf a c tfin di n g .

De f e n s ea n dr e p os s e s s i o nofp r op e r t y Ka t k ov . Br i ne y I :wh e t h e rt h et r i a lc o u r tc o r r e c t l yd e c i d e dt h a tt h el a wd o e s n ’ tp e r mi t su s eo fas pr i n ggu ni na d we l l i n go rwa r e h o u s ef o rt h epu r p o s eo fp r e v e n t i n gt h eu nl a wf u le n t r yo fab u r g l a ro rt h i e f ? R:p o s s e s s oro fl a n dha snop r i v i l e g e st ou s ef o r c ei n t e n d e do rl i k e l yt oc a us ed e a t ho rs e r i o us h a r ma g a i n s ta n o t he rwh o mt h ep o s s e s s o rs e e si sa bo u tt oe n t e ro rme d dl ewi t hc h a t t e l ,n o t i n d i r e c t l yn ord i r e c t l y A:t h ep o s s e s s o rd i dn o th a v et h ep r i v i l e g et ou s es u c he x c e s s i v ef o r c et op r e v e n te n t r y . C:a ffir me d

Br o wnv .Ma r t i n e z I :wh e t h e rt h ea p p e l l e eu s e da p pr o p r i a t eki ndo ff o r c et od e f e n dh i sp r o pe r t y ? R:t h e r ei sn op r i v i l e g et ou s ea n yf o r c ec a l c u l a t e dt oc a u s ed e a t ho rs e r i o u sbo d i l yi n j u r ywh e r e o n l yt h ep r o p e r t yi st h r e a t e n e d . A:t h ea p pe l l e ea c t e di mp r o p e r l ya n di sl i a b l ef o ri n j u r i e sc a u s e di nu s i n gagu n . C:r e v e r s e da n dr e ma n d e df o rd e t e r mi n a t i o no fd a ma g e s .

Ar r e s ta n dde t e n t i o n Go r t a r e zv . Smi t t y ’ ss u pe rv a l u e I :wh e t h e rt h et r i a lc o u r te r r e di ni s s u i n gad i r e c tv e r d i c tf o rs ho p k e e p e rt h a tt h e r ewe r ep r i v i l e g e d u n d e rs h op k e e p e r ’ sp r i v i l e g e , t e mp o r a r yd e t e nt i o nf o ri n v e s t i g a t i o n ? R:r e a s o na b l ec a u s e ,p u r p o s eo fd e t e n t i o n ,r e a s o n a b l e n e s so fd e t e n t i o n . A:t h e r ewa snor e a s on a b l e n e s so fb o t ht h ep u r p o s ea n dt hema n n e ro fde t e n t i o n . C:r e v e r s a la n dr e t r i a l .

2

Sp e c i a lc a s eo fc o ns e n t Ro bi nsv . Ha r r i s I :wh e t h e rt h ec o ns e n td e f e n s ei sa v a i l a b l ei np o we rr e l a t i o ns h i p s ?Ci vi lvc r i mi n a l R:aj a i l o rma yn o tc l a i mc o n s e n ta sade f e n s ef o rs e x u a lmi s c on d u c twi t had e t a i n e ei na Cr i mi n a lc a s e , bu tt h ede f e n s ei sa l l o we di nac i v i lc l a i m. A:c o n s e n td e f e n s ei sa v a i l a b l et ot h ec l a i mo fb a t t e r y . C:a ffir me de x c e p ta st oa v a i l a b i l i t yo fc on s e n tt oc l a i mo fb a t t e r y .

Ka pl a nv . Ha me l a k I :Wh e t h e rt h et r i a lc o u r te r r e di ng r a n t i n gd e mu r r e r ? R:b a t t e r yo c c u r si ft h et r e a t me n ti ss u b s t a n t i a l l yd i ffe r e n tf r o mt h a tc o v e r e db yp a t i e n t ’ s e xp r e s s e dc o ns e n t . A:i ti sf o rt h ej u r yt od e c i d ewh e t h e rt h et r e a t me n twa ss u b s t a n t i a l l yd i ffe r e n tf r o mwh a tt he p a t i e n tc on s e n t e dt o . C:He l d ,r e v e r s e da n dr e ma n d e d .

Pu bl i ca ndp r i v a t en e c e s s i t y Su r o c c ov . Ge a r y I :wh e t he rt h ec o ur te r r e da st ot h el a wa p p l i c a bl et ot h ef a c t so ft h i sc a s e ? R:n e c e s s i t yg i v e sap r e f e r e n c ewi t hr e g a r dt op r i v a t er i g h t s A:t h ee v i d e nc eo ft h i sc a s ee s t a b l i s h e st h ef a c tt ha tt heb l o wi n gu po ft h eh o u s ewa sn e c e s s a r y C:r e v e r s e d

Vi nc e n tv . La k eEr i e I :

3

Ne g l i g e n c e Th eg e n e r a ldu t yo fc a r e St e wa r tv .Mo t t s I :wh e t h e rt h e r ee x i s t sah i gh e rs t a n d a r do f“ e x t r a o r d i n a r yc a r e ”f o rt h eu s eo fd a n g e r o u s i n s t r u me n t a l i t i e so v e ra n da b o v et h es t a n d a r dof“ r e a s o n a bl ec a r e ” ? R:t h e r ei so n l yo nes t a n d a r dr e a s o n a bl ec a r e . A:t h el i n g u i s t i c sn e v e rv a r i e st h e r ei so n l yo n es t a n d a r do fc a r eb utt h ep r o p o r t i o na l i t y .

Pos a sv . Ho r t o n I :wh e t h e rt h et r i a lc o u r te r r e di ng i v i n gs u d d e ne me r g e n c yi n s t r u c t i o nt ot h ej u r y ? R:s ud d e ne me r g e n c yd oc t r i n eo n l ywh e ns u d d e na n du n f o r e s e e a b l ec h a n g e si nc o n d i t i o nh a s o c c u r r e da n dt h ed r i v e rf o r c e dt or e s p on dt oa v o i di n j ur y .

Cr e a s yv . Rus k I : R:t h eg e n e r a ld u t yo fc a r ei mp o s e do na d ul t si st h es a mer e g a r d l e s so fme n t a ld i s a b i l i t y A:h o we v e r ,r u s kd i dn o th a v eal e g a ld u t yt oc a r ei nt h i sc a s eb ch ei sap a t i e n t . C:n o tl i a b l e

St e v e nsv . Ve e n s t r a R:c e r t a i nmi n i mu ml e v e lo fc o mp e t e n c ei sn e c e s s a r yf o rs o mea c t i v i t i e swi t hh i ghp o t e nt i a lo f h a r ms u c ha sd r i v i n ge v e nt h ou g ht h a tl e v e lma yl a yb e y o n dt h ec a pa c i t yo ft h eb e g i n n e r .

Ne g l i g e nc epe rs e

Ca s e si nn o t e s

4

Br e a c hofDu t y Foreseeability of harm and questions for the jury

Pipher v. Parsell I: whether the trial erred in ruling on this case as a matter of law? R: when actions of a passenger that interfere with driver’s safe operation of vehicle are foreseeable, the failure to prevent may be a breach of duty to the passenger or public. A: given the circumstances a reasonable jury could find Parsell breached his duty to protect. C: this is a matter for a jury to decide on facts. The court in this case said the duty existed based on Delaware law and whether he breached his duty or not is a question for jury. (it will come down to the question of foreseeable)

Limones v. school d of lee county I: (whether the 2nd d court erred in defining) what was the duty the school owed Abel? R: reasonable care under the circumstances is not and should not be a fixed concept A: the school had a duty to supervise Abel and once injured the respondent owed a duty to take reasonable measures. C: it is for the jury to decide whether the breach occurred. (not negligence per se because they did not violate the statute) Unstructured weighing of risks and costs

Indiana insurance v. Mathew I: whether the judgment of the lower court was contrary to law? R: the standard of the conduct is to exercise the duty to use due care in operating the mower that an ordinary prudent man would exercise under the same or similar circumstances. A: Mathew did exercise due care C: affirmed

Stinnett v. Buchele I: whether buchele was negligent? R: the measure of duty is to exercise ordinary care to do so, standard of prudent employer in the same circumstances. Employer is not liable where the employee’s means of knowledge of the danger to be incurred is equal to that of the employer. A: an employer’s obligation to its employee is not the frequently impossible duty of furnishing absolutely safe instrumentalities or place to work

5

C: no evidence of negligence, just bc he asked the painter to work on the roof

Bernier v. Boston co I: whether Edison had negligently designed, selected, constructed and maintained the pole? R: since the injuries might be serious the likelihood of accidents need not be high to warrant careful consideration of safety. “foreseeable participation in collisions” and “the consequences based on the whole setting”. A: busy shopping center area, high probability of collisions, high probability of major injuries. There should have been higher precautions. C: affirmed Structured weighing of risks

U.S. v. Carroll Towing (CBA) I: R: to avoid against resulting injuries: (1) the probability of breakage (2) the gravity of resulting injury (3) the burden of adequate precautions. Byrne v. Boadle I: whether the fact of accident happening is proof of negligence? Giles v. City of new haven I: whether appellate court erred in allowing question of negligence under the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur to the jury? R:c o mp a r a t i v en e g l i g e n c ec o mp e l st h ec o nc l u s i o nt h a tr e si p s ac a na p p l yt oac a s ee v e nwh e r e t h ep l a i nt i ff’ sn e g l i g e n c ec o n t r i b u t e dt ot h ei n j u r y . A:t h ep l a i n t i ffwa se n t i t l e dt oaj u r yc on s i de r a t i o nt h a tt h ede f e n d a n t ’ sn e g l i g e n c ewa st h ec a u s e o fh e rp e r s o na li n j u r y . Co l l i nsv . Supe r i o r I :wh e t h e rh a v i n gt wod e f e n d a n t si si n s u ffic i e n tt or a i s et h ei n f e r e n c eo fn e g l i g e n c eu n d e rt h er e s i p s al o q u i t u r ? R:wh e r et h e r ea r eo n l y2de f e n d a n t swi t hc o n s e c u t i v ec o nt r o la n de i t h e ron ec o u l dha v ec a u s e d t h ei n j ur ya n db o t ha r en a me di nt h ec omp l a i n t ,i ti ss u ffic i e ntt or a i s er e si p s al oq u i t u r .

6

Ac t ualHa r m Ri g htv . Br e e n I :wh e t h e rt e c h n i c a ll e g a li n j ur yc o n c e p ta pp l i e st on e g l i g e n c ea c t i o n s ? R:i ta pp l i e swh e r et h ep l a i n t i ff’ sr i g h t sh a v ebe e ni n t e n t i on a l l yi n v a de d ,i ts e r v e sa sd e t e r r e nc e . A:Te c h n i c a ll e g a li n j u r yc o n c e p td o e sn o ta p p l yt oan e g l i g e n c ea c t i o n .b / co ft h en e e do fi n j u r y f o rn e g l i g e n c ec a s e s .

Fac t ua lc a us e Ha l ev . Os t r o w ( o l dl a d ywa l ki n go nt h es i d ewa l k,s e e sb u s h e sa n df a l l so nt h eb r o k e ns i d e wa l k) I :wh e t h e rt h ep l a i n t i ffi n j ur ywo u l dh a v eh a pp e n e db utf o rt h ed e f e n da n t ’ sa c t ? R:c a u s a t i o ni nf a c ta ndpr o x i ma t ec a u s ea r ed i s t i n c te l e me n t so fn e g l i g e n c ea n dh a v et obep r o v e n b yt h ep l a i n t i fft oaj u r y . A:t h ei s s u eo fc a u s a t i o n, a swe l la st h ea l l o c a t i o no fc omp a r a t i v ef a u l t ,a r ed e t e r mi n a t i o n so ff a c t t ob ema d eb yj u r y . C:aj u r yc o ul dpo s s i b l yb ec o n v i nc e d . Sa l i ne t r ov . Ny s t r o m1 9 77 I :p r e g na n tl o s e sb a b y ,b co fx r a y ,s u e sf o rma l p r a c t i c e ,l o s e sb cp o i ntwi t h o u tme r i tb cr e g a r d l e s s s h ewo u l dn o th a v ekn o wns h ewa sp r e g n a n t . C.p r o bl e mswi t hb u t f o rt e s t La nde r sv .E,Te x a ss a l t Sa l twa t e ra n do i lg o ti n t ot hel a k ea n dki l l e dt h efis h e d ,t wod e f e n d a n t sbo t ho fwh i c hc ou l dh a v e ki l l e dt h efis h. Th eb u t f o rt e s td o e sn o two r k .TheT e x a sr u l eg o to v e r r u l e d .An dt h ec o u r tr u l e d o nj o i nta n ds e v e r a ll i a b i l i t y . La s l e yv . Co mbi ne dTr a ns po r t T wod e f e n d a n t st h et r a n s p o r tc o mp a n ya n dCl e mme r( d r u n kdr i v e r ) .

7

Th ec ou r ts a y swhe ni tc o me st ot heDu t y , Br e a c ha ndCa u s et h ebe i n gd r u n kf a c td o e sn o t ma t t e r ,b u ti tc o u l db er e l e v a n twh e nwea r ed e c i d i n ga p po r t i o n me n to fha r m. He rb e i n gd r u n k d o e sn o tc o n s t i t u t ec a u s a t i o n . Summe r sv .Ti c e T wop e op l es h oo t i n go n es h o th i t st hee y ea ndo n eh i t st h el i p ,t h ee y ei st h ema j o ri n j u r y .

Mo hrv . Gr a nt ha m Af t e rc a ra c c i de n tg o e st ot heh o s p i t a lt h eho s p i t a li sn e g l i g e n twi t hg i v i n gc a r ec a u s e sh e rt oh a v e p e r ma n e n tb r a i nd a ma g e . I :i nme d i c a lma l p r a c t i c ec o nt e xt ,i st h e r eac a us eo fa c t i o nf o ral o s tc h a n c eo fab e t t e ro u t c o me ? ( i t ’ saq u e s t i o no fl a w) Ne wl a w:t h el os tc h a n c ec l a i mswh e r et h eu l t i ma t eh a r mi ss o mes e r i o usi n j u r ys h o r to fd e a t h . Pl a i n t i ffb e a r st h eb u r de nt op r o v ed u t y ,b r e a c h , a n dt h a ts u c hb r e a c ho fd u t yp r o x i ma t e l yc a u s e d al o s so fc h a n c eo fab e t t e ro u t c o me .

Di l l o nv .Ev a ns t o nHos pi t a l Sh eg o tc o mp e ns a t e df o rp a s tp a i na n ds u ffe r i n gc u r r e n tp a i na nds u ffe r i n gme d i c a lb i l l s

8

Sc op eo fl i a b i l i t y Tho mps o nv .Ka c z i ns ki Un s e c u r et r a mp o l i n ei nt h ey a r d, hi g hwi n d smo v eap a r tt ot h es t r e e t , a c c i de n ta n di n j u r yo c c ur s . I :wh e t h e ri n j ur yt omo t o r i s tr e s u l t e df r o mt h er i s k st h a tma d et h ed e f e nd a n t ’ sc on d u c tn e g l i g e nt ? R:f or e s e e a b i l i t yi ss t i l lr e l e v a n ti ns c o p eo fl i a b i l i t y , i ft h eh a r mc a u s e dwa sn o ta mo n gt h e p o t e n t i a lh a r msa sar e s u l to fwh a tma d et h ec o n d u c tn e g l i g e ntt h e nt h e r ei snol i a bi l i t y . A:aj u r yc o u l dr e a s o n a bl yfin dt h a th a r ms u ffe r e db yt h ep l a i n t i ffr e s ul t e df r o mr i s kst h a tma d e t h ed e f e n d a n t ’ sc o n d uc tn e g l i g e n t . Abr a msv .Ci t yo fChi c a g o Pr e g n a n tc a l l sa mbu l a n c et h e ywo n ’ ts e ndt h ea mb u l a nc ef r i e n ddr i v e sh e rt oh o s p i t a la n d a c c i d e nth a p p e n sa ndb a b ydi e st h ec i t ywa sf o u ndn o tl i a b l eb ct h ea c c i d e n twa sn o ta f o r e s e e a b l er i s k . Pa l s g r a fv .Lo ngI s l a ndR. R. Emp l o y e e sa r eh e l p i n gt h i sl a t ep a s s e n g e rj u mpi n t ot het r a i n .o n ep u s he st h eo t h e r , ap a s s e n g e r ’ s p a c k a g eo ffir e wo r k sf a l l sa n de xp l o d e st h ei mp a c t sr e a c h e dd o wnt h er o a da n di n j u r e so neo ft h e p a s s e n g e r so nt h ep l a t f o r m.Th ej u d g ec h a r a c t e r i z e si ta sne g l i g e n c ei nt h ea i r .

a s s e s s i n gt h es c op eo ft h er i s k Do ug ht yv . t ur ne r

Ha mme r s t e i nv .J e a nde v e l o pme nt I ts h o u l dh a v eb e e nr e a s o n a b l yf o r e s e e a b l et ot h ed e f e n da n t .Fa u l t ya l a r ms y s t e m wa skn o wnt o t h eh o t e la n dt he ys h ou l dh a v ekn o wnt h a ton epe r s o nma yh a v eh a r me dt h e ms e l v e sc o mi n gd o wn t h es t a i r s .

I n t e r v e n i n gp e r s o n sorf o r c e s

9

Ma r c usv . St a ubs Al o n go fc h a i no fc a u s e .Th ec ou r th e l di twa sf o rt h ej u r yt od e c i d ei ff u r n i s h i n gt h ea l c o h o l g i v e nt h ef a c t sa ndc i r c u ms t a n c e s ,l e a di n gt ot h ee v e ntwa sf o r e s e e a b l eb yt h ed e f e n d a n t .

Co l l i nsv . Sc e ni cho me s I mp r op e r l yb u i l da p a r t me n twi t hn ofir e s a f e t yc o mp l i a n c e ,s o me o n es e t si ti nt ofir e ,t r i a lc ou r t g r a nt ss u mma r yj u d g me n tf o rt h eo wn e rba s e do ni n t e r v e n i n gc r i mi n a la c t ,h i g h e rc ou r ta s ksa d i ffe r e n tq ue s t i o n :wh e t h e rt hei n j u r i e sc a us e db yi n a bi l i t yt oe s c a p ewe r et h ef o r e s e e a b l er e s u l t o ft h ef a i l u r eo fs c e ni ch o me st obu i l da n dma i n t a i nas a f eb u i l d i n gwi t hr e g a r d st ofir es a f e t y ? Th ec ou r ta n s we r e dy e s ,r e g a r dl e s so fh o wafir es t a r t e d . ( t he yus e dr i s ks t a n d a r dr u l e ) De l a ne yv .Re y no l ds De p r e s s e dg i r l f r i e n dwi t hs u b s t a n c eu s ep r o b l e m,a n dt h ep o l i c eoffic e rb fs t o r e sh i sg u nl o a d e d a n du n l o c k e d .Sh et r i e st oki l lh e r s e l fwi t ht h egu n ,s e r i o u s l yi n j u r e da n ds u e dt h ee xf o r n e g l i g e n c e .Tr i a lc ou r ts a y sa t t e mp t i n gs u i c i d ewa st h es u p p r e s s i n gc a u s eofi n j ur y .Th eh i g h e r c o u r td i s a g r e e s .Thec o u r ts a i di n t e n tt ok i l lh e r s e l fwa sa ni s s u eo ff a c t ss oi st h ef o r e s e e a b i l i t y o ft h eha r mc a u s e db yt h ed e f e nd a n t ’ sn e g l i g e nc e ,a n di ti su pt ot h ef a c tfin d e r . De r di a r i a nv .f e l i xc o r p. Pl a i n t i ffi swo r ki n go nt h er o a d, t h ede f e n d a ntd o e sn o tma k et h ewor kp l a c es a f ee n o u g h , h eg e t s h i tb yad r i v e rwhoh a das e i z u r eb ch ed i dn o tt a k eh i sme d i c i n e .Hes ue st h ec o mp a n yf o run s a f e e n v i r o nme n t .I ft h e r ei sa3rdp e r s o n ,t h ec a u s a lc h a i ni sn o ta u t o ma t i c a l l ys e v e r e d . Ve nt r i c e l l iv . Ki nne yr e nt a l Br o k e nt r u n kd o oro nar e n t a lc a r ,a c c i de n to c c ur s , pl a i n t i ffs ue st h er e n t a lc o mp a n yf o r n e g l i g e n c e Ma r s ha lv .Nug ne t Ca r si nt h ei c e dr o a d , t r u c kIt h emi d d l eo ft h er o a dd r i v e st h ep l a i n t i ff’ sc a rou to ft h er o a da n d wh e nh e l p i n gi to u tb l o c kst her o a d ,a pp r o a c h i n gc a rs we r v e st oa v o i dh i t t i n gt het r u c ka n dhi t s t h ep l a i nt i ff.Hes u e st h et r u c kd r i v e rf o rn e g l i g e nc e .

10

De f e n s e s Fa ul to ft hepl a i nt i ff 1 -Co nt r i but o r yne g l i g e nc e But t e r fie l dv .Fo r r e s t e r Th ede f e n da n th a do b s t r u c t e dt h er o a dt h ep l a i n t i ffr o a di nt oi tf e l lo ft h eh o r s ea n d i n j u r e dh i ms e l f .Co u r tr u l e dt h a tt h i swou l dn o th a v eh a p p e ne di ft h ep l a i nt i ffh a du s e d o r d i n a r yc a r ef o rh i ms e l f .

2 -Appl y i ngc ompa r a t i v ef a ul t Po hlv .Co unt yofFur na s Pl a i n t i fft u r n si n t oawr o n gr o a dg o i n ga b o v es pe e dmi s s e sac u r v ea n df a l l so ft h er o a d i n j u r i n gh i ms ...