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Case Study: The “St David’s 2” Shopping Centre Stephen Disney, 2020

“St David's 2” is a new shopping centre development in Cardiff, the capital city of Wales. It was completed in 2010 and is one of the most important city developments in the UK. It is a fitting gateway to the city welcoming visitors as they approach from the central train station. In total the project cost in excess of £675 million; in 2007 it was the largest private financial investment in Wales. It is a partnership between Capital Shopping Centers (CSC) and Land Securities. The shopping centre provides 4000 people with permanent employment and is one of the five largest retail spaces in the UK.

History of the shopping mall The first modern shopping mall was Southdale in Minnesota, USA designed in 1956 to emulate the arcades of Paris. The world’s largest shopping mall is Mall of Arabia in Dubui, the second largest is the South China Mall in Dongguan, third is the Golden Resources Mall in Beijing. USA’s largest mall is the King of Prussia Mall in Pennsylvania, but this is not even in the worlds’ top 20. The largest mall in Europe is the Westfield Centre in London, cost £1.7bn and has 280 shops and 50 restaurants. It is only 60% of the size of the King of Prussia Mall.

The St David’s 2 shopping centre extended the existing St David’s shopping centre (of around 70 stores), that also underwent a modernization and refurbishment. In 2007 St David's centre attracted 600,000 customers per week, of which 85% live within 25 miles of the centre. The catchment area of the centre contains 1.4m people with an annual retail expenditure of £2.4bn. Together both centers cover 1.4 million square feet creating a stunning retail destination. The new St David’s 2 shopping centre alone covers almost a million square feet of retail space, houses 128 stores, 308 homes, a range of leisure facilities and public amenities (including the city library) and provides parking for 3000 cars. The centre is carefully designed to respect the traditional street pattern and integrate with local historic arcades to encourage pedestrian permeability from all areas of the city. Table 1 highlights the tasks (activities), their duration, cost and precedence relationships in the development of the St David’s 2 shopping centre. Task ID

Task Description

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q

Planning and Consultation Service Diversions Highways Enabling Appoint Main Contractor CPO Inquiry Obtain Government Approval Construct John Lewis Store Demolition Main Scheme Construction Refurbishment of St David’s Centre Library Construction John Lewis Fit-out Main Scheme Fit-out Library Fit-out Residential Homes Public Realm Opening

Duration (Months) 9 9 3 3 3 3 24 12 30 30 21 15 3 12 12 3 3

Cost (£ Millions) 12 15 10 4 12 2 36 80 210 50 70 9 25 16 92 28 4

Precedence A B A A E C, D, F C, D, F H C, D, F C, D, F G I K H I L, M, N

Table 1. Activities and precedence relationship in the St David’s 2 project

Question Draw a project network diagram of this project. Determine the shortest time to complete the project. Identify the critical activities. Notes on the project activities A. Planning and Consultation. The shopping centre plans were developed by the architects and discussed with the local planning authority. Public opinion was gauged and support was won at town council meetings. B. Service diversions involved the re-direction of the underground utility services. This included the re-routing of telecommunications, water and gas mains and electricity cables. The existing sewer system was also diverted. In order to minimize disruption most of the sewer work is carried out using tunneling machines. Above ground works was undertaken at four locations - two compounds to create shafts where the tunneling machines go into the ground and two more compounds to create shafts where the machines will emerge. This activity took 9 months to complete. C. Highways Enabling was concerned with improving the roads, junctions, footways and cycle routes surrounding the development. Alternative routes for motorists and new signals were put in place to help keep the traffic moving smoothly. Road junctions were made safer for pedestrians and cyclists by providing new signals and safer crossings. New walkways, pedestrian crossings and streetlights are provided. Several streets around the development were pedestrian-ised to make them safer and to cope with the increased number of shoppers in the area. To control vehicle access in these areas rising bollards were installed. For cyclists a safe cycle park, more Toucan crossings, cycle stop reservoirs and cycle lanes surrounding the development were built. Some convenient new bus stops were constructed. Bus timetables were updated in liaison with the local bus company. This work took 3 months to complete and was started after the Service Diversions were completed. D. After a lengthy selection process (that lasted 3 months) the main contractor, Bovis Lend Lease, was appointed. Bovis Lend Lease is a leading international contractor and project manager. Worldwide, it has 8,000 employees and companies and contracts in 30 countries spanning six continents. Previously owned by the shipping and transport company P&O, the business was acquired by Lend Lease Corporation of Australia in 1999. Lend Lease is also in retail and residential markets and in real estate investment. Some of the company's landmark projects include the Times Warner complex in Manhattan, Disneyland Paris, the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur and the Athletes' Village for the 2000 Sydney Olympics. E. CPO is a Compulsory Purchase Order. This is a legal process where the government forces the sell of private property (at a fair market value) for the benefit of the community. F. The local government (the Welsh Assembly) approved the final version of the development. G. John Lewis is a well known department store. The “St David's 2” complex will house a 260,000 square foot John Lewis store over 4 floors, the centre piece retail space in the St David’s 2 shopping centre. H. Demolition. After final approval by the Welsh Assembly Government, the existing land and buildings were purchased from their owners at the fair value agreed in the CPO Inquiry. The buildings were emptied and then demolished. Some buildings such as the library were moved to temporary locations. The temporary library offered a full library service and remained the home of Cardiff Central Library until the new building was ready. I. The main scheme involves the construction of 128 new shops, the car park and all the internal public space. J. The existing St David’s shopping centre continued to be open as usual throughout the development. Refurbishment work was carried out in the evening and during quieter trading periods. K. A new Central Library for Cardiff was constructed. The library provides high quality educational materials, information and entertainment to users of all ages. At street level the library will feature restaurants and cafes and provide an ideal environment to learn, contemplate and relax. The library itself is an impressive six storey 55,000 sq feet building incorporating the latest characteristics in

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environmental architecture including a green roof designed to enhance biodiversity through selection of local native species, provide rainwater retention, reduce heat gain during summer and improve thermal insulation during winter. Other sustainable features include energy and water efficient services and materials with low environmental impact. The fit-out of the John Lewis Store, the flagship retail space in the St David’s 2 shopping centre. This fit-out includes the installation of all the services (plumbing, sewerage, electrical, gas, central heating, air conditioning, telephones, IT and communication and fire safety systems). The store layout was designed, the shop fitted, carpet laid, tills installed, in fact everything needed to turn the shell of the John Lewis Store into a modern, stylish, working department store. In the main scheme fit-out, all the services were installed, as well as the fitting of public services such as lifts, elevators, escalators, toilets. The car park was also furbished and public spaces decorated. In the library fit-out, all the usual services were installed, the library furnished and the books and other reference material relocated back to this location from the temporary library. Situated above the shopping centre are 278 luxury roof top apartments. Each apartment has access to shared courtyards, and was available from end of 2009 and fully completed in early 2010. There is also to be an affordable housing allocation of approximately 30 homes, deemed as low rent or low cost apartments. The 'St David's 2' development revitalized an under used and tired area of the city centre with an investment of a £1.5m in inspiring public art and landscaped spaces for people to relax in. The revitalization was inspired by what already makes Cardiff special, creating a bustling European piazza for the people who live, work and shop in Cardiff to be proud of and enjoy spending time in. As part of the projects commitment to improving public spaces in Cardiff, the St John's Churchyard was also revitalized. This transformed the churchyard gardens into a landscaped public area with new seating, paving and lighting. A new public route was created through the gardens and the existing graveyard preserved within its own enclosure. Opening. The final preparations for the official opening took place. Individual stores complete their own fit-outs. Merchandise is moved into the stores, promotional material produced and distributed. Public entertainment scheduled.

References. This case is based on the information available at www.stdavids2.com, http://www.talkdirect.com and http://www.capital-shopping-centres.co.uk that was accessed on 24th November 2007. Note. Some specific project details have been changed slightly in order to more clearly demonstrate some of the pedagogical features of this case. The cost breakdown and the crashing information is completely fictional, although the total cost of £675M is true (according to the company websites).

Appendix. Sharing your work via Sharepoint 1) Take a picture of your work on your mobile phone/tablet. 2) On your phone, go to this webpage (https://bit.ly/35W4LV6), provide your name, the date, and upload your picture to SharePoint. 3) Your Tutor can now see the image that you uploaded and will share on Teams or project onto the screen in class. ■...