Tutorial 3 - with answers PDF

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Tutorial 3 BSM options pricing and Delta Hedging

1. Calculate the price of a three-month European put option on a non-dividend-paying stock with a strike price of $50 when the current stock price is $50, the risk-free interest rate is 10% per annum, and the volatility is 30% per annum. In this case S 0 50 , K 50 , r 01 ,  03 , T 025 , and d1 

ln(50  50)  (0 1  0 09  2)0 25 02417 03 025

d 2 d1  03 025 00917 The European put price is    50 N ( 0 0917) e 0 1 0 25  50 N ( 02417)

50 0 4634 e 010 25  500 4045  2 37, or $2.37.

2. Calculate the price of a three-month European put option on a dividend-paying stock with a strike price of $50 when the current stock price is $50, the risk-free interest rate is 10% per annum, and the volatility is 30% per annum. In addition, a dividend of $1.50 is expected in two months. In this case we must subtract the present value of the dividend from the stock price before S using Black–Scholes-Merton. Hence the appropriate value of 0 is S 0 50  1 50e  016670 1 4852 As before K 50 , r 01 ,  0 3 , and T 025 . In this case d1 

ln(4852  50)  (01  0 09  2)025 00414 03 025

d2 d1  0 3 0 25  0 1086 The European put price is 50 N (01086) e 0 10 25  4852 N ( 00414)

 500 5432 e 010 25  48 52 0 4835 3 03, or $3.03.

3. What is the price of a European put option on a non-dividend-paying stock when the stock price is $69, the strike price is $70, the risk-free interest rate is 5% per annum, the volatility is 35% per annum, and the time to maturity is six months?

In this case S 0 69 , K 70 , r 005 ,  035 and T 05 .

d1 

ln(69  70)  (005  035 2  2) 05 0 1666 035 05

d2 d1  0 35 0 5  0 0809 The price of the European put is 70e 0 05 0 5 N (0 0809)  69 N (  0 1666) 70 e 0 025 0 5323  690 4338 640 , or $6.40. 4. Calculate the delta of an at-the-money six-month European call option on a nondividend-paying stock when the risk-free interest rate is 10% per annum and the stock price volatility is 25% per annum. In this case,

S 0 K r 01   0 25 , , , and T 05 . Also, d1 

The delta of the option is

ln(S 0  K )  (01  025 2  2)05

N ( d 1)

025 05

03712

or 0.64.

5. What is the delta of a short position in 1,000 European call options on silver futures? The options mature in eight months, and the futures contract underlying the option matures in nine months. The current nine-month futures price is $8 per ounce, the exercise price of the options is $8, the risk-free interest rate is 12% per annum, and the volatility of silver is 18% per annum. The delta of a European futures call option is usually defined as the rate of change of the option price with respect to the futures price (not the spot price). It is e  rT N ( d1 ) In this case F0 8 , K 8 , r 012 ,  018 , T 06667 d1  N (d 1) 05293

ln(8  8)  (0182  2) 0 6667  0 0735 0 18 0 6667

and the delta of the option is 0 6667   05293  0 4886 e 0 12

The delta of a short position in 1,000 futures options is therefore  4886 .

Note: In Q4 the underlying is a non-div paying stock. Therefore, the straight-forward application of the formula to estimate the delta, ie the rate of change of the option relative to the rate of change of the underlying.

In Q5 though, the underlying of the option is a futures contract (with spot silver as the underlying of the futures). The option has 8 months to mature but the futures 9 months to mature and deliver. Now remember what a Futures price is about. The futures price today is the Future Value (cont. compounded) of the spot underlying (silver spot) that will gain a rate r. Therefore, the r is not included separately in the numerator of the d1 estimation. Also, the delta (Nd1) of the option with futures now as underlying reflects that FV of the futures, which means it has to be discounted back to the present for the duration of the option which is 8 months.

If that did not happen, then there would be mispricing and arbitrage. For instance consider 2 identical options (same K, vol, and r) but the only difference is that option A has silver (e.g. S0=10) as underlying but option B has futures on silver as underlying (e.g. F 0≠10). From this, options A and B cannot be priced exactly the same because the futures (F0) because F 0 = S0 ert and as such F0 ≠ S0 (unless of course it is on the day of maturity of the futures contract as we well know where there is convergence).

In sum, if the underlying of an option is a spot security/commodity etc then plain N(d1). If the underlying of the option is a futures/forward contract then you need to have the PV of N(d1).

6. If the annual volatility of a non-dividend paying stock is 24% and the continuously compounded annual risk-free rate is 6% for a 9-month maturity, identify whether the following quoted option prices on the stock are correct (use closest values from normal distribution tables.). If there is a price discrepancy develop a strategy to exploit any arbitrage opportunity identified in part (a). Show that the total profit made by the arbitrage strategy is riskless and equal to the identified price discrepancy (price difference between the quoted and the correct price). Spot Price

Call

Time to

Strike

Put

Time to

Strike

of Stock

Premium

Maturity

Price

Premium

Maturity

Price

£120

£17.84

9-months

£110

£3.80

9-months

£110

d1 =

ln(S0 / X) + (r +σ 2 / 2)T σ T

=

ln(120 /110) + (0.06 + 0.24 2 / 2)× 0.75 0.24 0.75

= 0.74

d 2 = d 1 -σ T = 0.74 - 0.24 0.75 = 0.53 FromTables (using closest number) :N(d 1) = 0.7704 and N(d 2 ) = 0.7019 Therefore, C 0 = S 0 × N(d 1) - Xe -rT × N(d 2 ) = 120× 0.7704 -110e -0.06×0.75 ×0.7019 = 18.64 P0 = Xe-rT [1- N(d 2)]- S 0[1- N(d 1)] = 110e-0.06×0.75 [1- 0.7019] -120×[1- 0.7704] = 3.80 The put option is correctly priced but the call option is underpriced.

BUY the underpriced call and SELL the equivalent asset. From put-call parity: C0 = S0 + P0 – PV(X) Therefore:

Buy Call

-17.84

Short Put

+3.80

Short Share

+120

Lend PV(X)

-105.16 = 110e-0.06×0.75

Total Gain

+0.8 = 18.64 – 17.84

7. Briefly discuss what is implied volatility and how can we calculate it. The implied volatility is the volatility that makes the Black–Scholes-Merton price of an option equal to its market price. It is calculated using an iterative procedure.

8. What is the price of a European call option on a non-dividend-paying stock when the stock price is $52, the strike price is $50, the risk-free interest rate is 12% per annum, the volatility is 30% per annum, and the time to maturity is three months? In this case S 0 52 , K 50 , r 012 ,  030 and T 025 .

d1 

ln(52  50)  (012  0 3 2  2)0 25 0 5365 030 025

d2 d1  0 30 0 25 0 3865 The price of the European call is 52 N (05365)  50e  0120 25 N (03865) 52 0 7042  50 e 003 0 6504 506 or $5.06. ,

9. Consider an option on a non-dividend-paying stock when the stock price is $30, the exercise price is $29, the risk-free interest rate is 5% per annum, the volatility is 25% per annum, and the time to maturity is four months. a. b. c. d.

What is the price of the option if it is a European call? What is the price of the option if it is an American call? What is the price of the option if it is a European put? Verify that put–call parity holds. In this case S 0 30 , K 29 , r 005 ,  025 and T 4  12 ln(30  29)  (005  0252  2) 4  12  0 4225 d1  0 25 0 3333

d2 

ln(30  29)  (005  0252  2) 4  12 02782 025 03333

N(0 4225) 0 6637 

N(  0 4225) 0 3363

N(0 2782) 06096

N(  0 2782) 03904

a. The European call price is 300 6637 29 e 0054 12  0 6096 2 52 or $2.52. b. The American call price is the same as the European call price due to non-optimal early exercise . It is $2.52. c. The European put price is 29 e 0054 12 03904  30 0 3363 1 05 or $1.05. d. Put-call parity states that: p  S  c  Ke  rT

 rT S 30 K 29 p 1 05 In this case c 252 , 0 , , and e  0 9835 and it is easy to verify that the relationship is satisfied,

10. An index currently stands at 696 and has a volatility of 30% per annum. The riskfree rate of interest is 7% per annum and the index provides a dividend yield of 4% per annum. Calculate the value of a three-month European put with an exercise price of 700.

In this case S 0 696 , K 700 , r 007 ,  03 , T 025 and q 004 . The option can be valued using the following equation: d1 

ln(696  700)  (0 07  0 04  0 09  2) 0 25 0 3 0 25

00868

d 2 d1  03 025  00632 and N ( d1 ) 04654 N (  d 2 ) 05252 p The value of the put, , is given by: p 700e 0 070 25 05252  696e 0 040 25 04654 406 $40.6. , Note two important differences here! 1. At the d1 estimation you need to account for the dividend income to be received, hence in the estimation we have r – q + σ/2, where q us the dividend yield. If we don’t have the dividend yield then we subtract the Present value of dividends from So, as we do in other exercises. 2. At the put formula at the end of this exercise we need to adjust (i.e discount) the S 0 of the index price by the dividend yield (or else arbitrage opportunities would exist). so we have : p = Ke-rt x N(-d2) – S0e-qt x N(-d1). 11. Would you expect the volatility of a stock index to be greater or less than the volatility of a typical stock? Explain your answer. The volatility of a stock index can be expected to be less than the volatility of a typical stock. This is because some risk (i.e., return uncertainty) is diversified away when a portfolio of stocks is created. In capital asset pricing model terminology, there exists systematic and unsystematic risk in the returns from an individual stock. However, in a stock index, unsystematic risk has been diversified away and only the systematic risk contributes to volatility.

12. What does it mean to assert that the delta of a call option is 0.6? How can a short position in 1,000 options be made delta neutral when the delta of each option is 0.6? A delta of 0.6 means that, when the price of the stock increases by a small amount, say £1, the price of the option increases by 60% of this amount. Similarly, when the price of the stock decreases by a small amount, the price of the option decreases by 60% of the same amount. A short position in 1,000 options has a delta of 0.6 and can be made delta neutral with the purchase of 600 shares.

13. A fund manager has a well-diversified portfolio that mirrors the performance of the S&P 500 and is worth $360 million. The value of the S&P 500 is 1,200, and the portfolio manager would like to buy insurance against a reduction of more than 5% in the value of the portfolio over the next six months. The risk-free interest rate is 6% per annum. The dividend yield on both the portfolio and the S&P 500 is 3%, and the volatility of the index is 30% per annum. a) If the fund manager buys traded European put options, how much would the insurance cost? b) Explain carefully alternative strategies open to the fund manager involving traded European call options, and show that they lead to the same result. c) If the fund manager decides to provide insurance by keeping part of the portfolio in risk-free securities, what should the initial position be? The fund is worth $300,000 times the value of the index. When the value of the portfolio falls by 5% (to $342 million), the value of the S&P 500 also falls by 5% to 1140. The fund manager therefore requires European put options on 300,000 times the S&P 500 with exercise price 1140.

a) S 0 1200 , K 1140 , r 006 ,  030 , T 050 and q 003 . Hence: ln(1200  1140)   0 06  0 03  0 3 2  2  0 5 0 4186 d1  03 05 d 2 d1  03 05 02064

N (d 1) 06622 N ( d 2) 05818 N ( d1 ) 03378 N ( d 2 ) 04182

The value of one put option is

rT qT 1140e N ( d2 )  1200e N (  d1 )

1140e  0060 5 0 4182  1200e  0 030 5 0 3378 6340

The total cost of the insurance is therefore 300 000 63 40 $19 020 000

b) From put–call parity S0 e  qT  p c  Ke  rT

or: p c  S0 e qT  Ke rT  qT This shows that a put option can be created by selling (or shorting) e of the index, buying a call option and investing the remainder at the risk-free rate of interest. Applying this to the situation under consideration, the fund manager should:  0 030 5  $354 64 million of stock 1. Sell 360 e 2. Buy call options on 300,000 times the S&P 500 with exercise price 1140 and maturity in six months. 3. Invest the remaining cash at the risk-free interest rate of 6% per annum. This strategy gives the same result as buying put options directly.

c) The delta of one put option is qT

e  [ N (d1 )  1] e  0030 5 (06622  1)  0 3327

This indicates that 33.27% of the portfolio (i.e., $119.77 million) should be initially sold and invested in risk-free securities....