UCSP Module 7 - Lecture notes 1-18 PDF

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Understanding with Culture, Society and Politics...

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Understanding Culture, Society & Politics

Module 7: Forms and Functions of State and Non-state Institution

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Understanding Culture, Society & Politics SHS-Module 7: Forms and Functions of State and Non-state Institution First Edition, 2020 Copyright © 2020 La Union Schools Division Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Magdalena Paz H. Lazo, TIII Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team Reviewer: Mario V. Mario Jr. Mario B. Paneda, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Araling Panlipunan Belen C. Aquino, Ph.D., EPS in Charge of English Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II Layout Artist: Ernesto Ortiza Jr., TIII Management Team: ATTY. Donato D. Balderas, Jr. Schools Division Superintendent Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D Assistant Schools Division Superintendent German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS Mario B. Paneda, Ed.D, EPS in Charge of Araling Panlipunan Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

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SHS Understanding Culture, Society & Politics Module 7: Forms and Functions of State and Non-state Institution

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Target

Society consists of social structures and social institutions that are governed by norms and values. Each individual in a society has specific roles and functions that are meant to achieve balance in the society. However, the pursuit of interests generates various conflicts in the society. Competition over resources is often the source of conflict. By the end of World War II, various humanitarian issues and crises took place. More than 6 million was displaced at the end of war. Faced with this large-scale of humanitarian crisis, international community responded with various measures including the establishment of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950. The large-scale of human predicament show how human rights are being violated by the institutional actors such as government. This incidence leads to the creation of state and nonstate institutions. These institutions became relevant in the advent of globalization and urbanization. After going through this module, you are expected to explain the different form and functions of state and non-state institutions. Specific Objectives: a. identify the different forms and functions of state and non-state institutions; b. describe each form of state and non-state institutions; c. explain how state and non-state institutions function.

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer the pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.

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Pretest

Direction: Carefully read each item. Write the letter of the best answer. Use separate sheets for your answers. 1. What form of business governed on the principle of one member, one vote? A. Cooperatives C. States B. Corporation D. Unions 2. What organization of the state which makes, implements, enforces, and adjudicates the law? A. Cooperatives C. Government B. Corporation D. Trade Unions 3. What institution that allows people deposit their money for safe keeping and interests? A. Banks C. Corporation B. Cooperatives D. Lending Company 4. What institution is made up of individuals, shareholders or stockholders who engage to business? A. Banks C. Corporation B. Cooperatives D. Trade Unions 5. What type of corporation that are formed to generate revenues and provide returns to their shareholders? A. For-Profit C. Trade Groups B. Not-for Profit D. Union Groups 6. What type of corporation that operates under the category of charitable organization? A. For-Profit C. Trade Groups B. Not-for Profit D. Union Groups 7. What business organization that extends production and sales into several countries? A. International Government Organization C. Multinational Corporations B. International Organization D. Transnational Groups 8. What organization is formed by workers for common interests of their co-workers? A. Banks C. Corporation B. Cooperatives D. Trade Groups 9. What organization whose activities transcend to national boundaries to facilitates cooperation? A. International Organization C. Trade Unions B. Multinational Corporations D. Union Groups 10. What form of government in which supreme power is absolutely lodged with an individual? A. Democracy C. Oligarchy B. Monarchy D. Theocracy

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Jumpstart Accomplish the activity below. This will help you understand the lesson. Have fun and good luck!

Activity 1: Unscramble the Letters Direction: Unscramble the letters to identity the concepts being described. Scramble Letters ATEST

RANIOTROC

RNVEGOTENM

SKABN

DETRA

ONUNI

TIVESOOCPERA

Description An organized political community acting under a government and united by common set of laws A form of business operation that declares the business as a separate entity guided by a group of officers known as the Board of Directors. The governing body of the state or nation A financial institution licensed to provide several financial services to different types of customers. Organizations formed by workers from related fields that work for common interest of its members Businesses governed on the principle of one member, one vote

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Answer

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Discover

State At the time of the initial development of the modern human rights system, States were the dominant actors in the international arena. A state is an organized political community acting under a government and united by common set of laws. It uses absolute power in directing the path of a society. It also uses complete political coerciveness, which may come in the form of armed forces personnel, stricter laws, and rigid government policies in order to attain its societal goals and objectives. Market exchange is the primary form of economic subsistence of a state wherein standardized currencies are being used to exchange commodities. States differ in sovereignty, governance, geography, and interests. It may be classified as sovereign if they are not dependent on, or subject to, any other power or state. Other states are subject to external sovereignty where ultimate sovereignty lies another state. The concept of the state is different from the concept of government. A government is the particular group of people that controls the state at a given time. In other words, governments are the means through which the state power us employed like applying the rule of law. The concept of the state is also different from the concept of a nation, which refers to a large geographical area and the people therein who perceives themselves as having a common identity. The state is a political geopolitical entity; the nation is a cultural or ethnic entity. As a state, it consists of actors with varying interests and assertions, social rules are implemented in the forms of laws. These laws are created to manage the interaction among individuals and between the individuals and the state. As a citizen of a country, an individual is subjected to the legal norms in the territory. These norms may include paying taxes, rendering military services, and contributing to the political life in the society. The State intends to be a strong actor in the performance of the three important political functions. The state, in full form, 1. maintains control over violence in its domain 2. allocates resources and rewards at its discretion, and 3. stands as the major focus of identity for the large majority of the people under its authority.

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Elements of the States 1. Population It is the people who make the state. Population is essential for the state. Without population there can be no State. 2. Territory There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need territory to live and organize themselves socially and politically. It may be remembered that the territory of the states includes land, water and airspace. 3. Government It is the organization or machinery or agency of the State which makes, implements, enforces, and adjudicates the laws of the state. 4. Sovereignty It is the most exclusive elements of State. Without sovereignty no state can exist. State has the exclusive title and prerogative to exercise supreme power over all its people and territory. It is the basis which the State regulates all aspects of the life of the people living in its territory.

Forms of States States come in a variety of forms that vary on who holds power, how positions of leadership are obtained, and how authority is maintained. These are: a. Authoritarian Government Authoritarian governments differ in who holds power and in how control they assume over those who govern. An example of this type is Monarchy. Monarchy is a form of government in which supreme power is absolutely lodged with an individual, who is the head of the state, often for life or until abdication. The person who heads a monarchy is called a monarch. Some monarchs hold unlimited political powers while many constitutional monarchies, such as the United Kingdom and Thailand. Currently, 44 nations in the world have monarchs as head of state. Totalitarianism is a political system that strives to regulate nearly every aspect of public and private life. It theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of individual life to the authority of the state. Modern examples of totalitarian states include the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler, the People’s Republic of China under Mao Zedong, and North Korea under the Kim Dynasty. b. Oligarchic Government An oligarchy is a form of government in which power effectively rests with a small-elite segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family, military, or religious hegemony. An oligarchy does not have one clear 5

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ruler, but several powerful people who rule. One common example is theocracy. Theocracy is a government by divine guidance or by official who are regarded as divinely guided. Leaders are members of the clergy, and the state’s legal system is based on religious law. Contemporary examples of theocracies include Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Vatican.

c. Democratic Government Democracy is a form of government in which the right to governs is held by the majority of citizens within a country or a state. The two principles of democracy are that all citizens have equal access to power and that all citizens enjoy universally recognized freedoms and liberties. People can either become country leaders through electoral process or elect leaders who represent the core values and beliefs. There are 99 democratic nations globally. Examples of democratic nations are Philippines, Norway, New Zealand, United States of America, Canada, Columbia, Italy, and South Africa.

Roles of the States 1. State provides security against external aggressions and war. For this purpose, the state maintains an army. 2. State ensures security against internal disturbances disorders and crimes. For this purpose, the state maintains police. 3. State legally grants and guarantees the rights of the people. 4. The state issues and regulates currency and coinage. 5. State undertakes steps for the creation of necessary conditions for the socio-economic-politico-cultural development of the people. 6. State grants citizenship and protects their interests and rights. 7. State conducts foreign relations, foreign trade and economic relations. 8. State secures the goals of national interest in international relations

Nonstate Institutions Nonstate institutions are people and/ or organization that participate in international affairs and relations but are not affiliated with any state or nation. These nonstate institutions include the following: bank and corporations, cooperatives and trade unions, transnational advocacy groups, and development agencies and international organizations. These nonstate institutions are equally capable of influencing policy formation and implementation. a. Banks Bank is a financial institution licensed to provide several financial services to different types of customers. Banks are in operation mainly for their deposits and lending functions. Customers are allowed to deposit their 6

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money to banks which grow through an interest rate. Banks also provide loans, with an interest to customers who need money either for personal consumption or for investment and businesses. Banks may be categorized into major forms such as commercial banks and investment banks. Table 1. Major forms of banks and their description Forms of Bank Commercial Banks

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

Investment Banks

     

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Description Financial deposit with security and convenience which could be in the form of credit cards, debit cards, and check Provide business, individual, and personal loans, enabling commercial banks to earn interest Serve as payment agents within and outside the country through wire transfer Subjected to more regulations Financial intermediaries that performs a variety of services for businesses and some government Issues securities to the investing public Make markets, facilities, mergers, and other corporate reorganizations Acts as brokers for institutional clients Under the supervision of regulatory bodies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), FINRA, and the US Treasury Subjected to fewer regulations

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/061615/what-are-majorcategories-financial-institutions-and-what-are-their-primary-roles.asp

The two most well-known financial institutions that are actively shaping the socioeconomic development of the Philippines are the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. They have been providing financial aid to the Philippine government and various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to facilitate their development objectives. b. Corporations It is a form of business operation that declares the business as a separate entity guided by a group of officers known as the Board of Directors. They were created by individuals, stockholders or shareholders, with the purpose of operating for profit. They have all legal rights of an individual, except for the right to vote and certain limitations. They are given the right to exist by the state that issues their charter. Corporation example 7

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includes General Motors Corporation an icon of American craftmanship, Apple Corporation as one of the famous tech companies, Amazon Corporation founded by Jeff Bezos is the world’s leading eCommerce and innovation company, Domino’s Pizza is a global food chain company delivering quality food worldwide.

Common Types of Corporations A corporation can be created by a single shareholder or by multiple shareholders who come together to pursue common goal. A corporate can be formed as a for-profit or a non-for-profit entity.  For-profit entities form most corporations, and they are formed to generate revenues and provide a return to their shareholders, according to their percentage of ownership in the corporation. Examples: HBO in partnership with International Rescue Committee, Ford Motors and Lynda.com.  Not-for-profit entities operate under the category of charitable organizations, which are dedicated to a particular social cause such as educational, religious, scientific, or research purposes. Rather than distribute revenues to shareholders, not-for-profit organizations use their revenues to further their objectives. Human Rights Campaign is a very impressive example of using Facebook profile photos to spread the word far and wide about campaign. Greenpeace the environmental non-profit that used GPS technology to inform the public about their cause. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are business organization that extends ownership, management, production, and sales activities into several or more countries. MNCs are boon to the economic growth and development of the states. Table 1. The Good and bad Effects of MNCs Good Effects Introduce technology Encourage economic growth Encourage interdependently Elites learn to regulate Promotes human rights Protect the environment Economic actors Promote a cosmopolitan world Source: Conway Henderson (1998) 8

Bad Effects Offer ill-suited technology Retard economic growth Cause dependency Elites become compradors Harms human rights Hurt the environment Political actors Damage national Culture

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Checks out the big names of MNCs that are already exist in the Philippines:      

     

Google Viber Palo Alto Networks Procter and Gamble Thomson Reuters Accenture

HSBC Citibank Maersk Hewlett Packard Coca Cola Far East Deutsche Bank

c. Cooperatives Cooperatives are people-centers enterprises owned, controlled and run by and for their members to realize their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations. Cooperatives are businesses governed on the principle of one member, one vote. There are several common types of co-ops, including cooperatives owned and operated by: a. The people working there (worker cooperatives); b. The people buying the co-op’s goods or services (consumer cooperatives) c. The people collaborating to process and market their products (producer cooperatives); and d. Groups uniting to enhance their purchasing power (purchasing cooperatives) Cooperatives play a critical role in building community wealth for several key reasons: a. They often provide quality goods and services to areas that have been shunned by traditional businesses because they are deemed less profitable b. They typically invest in local communities c. Since most cooperative members are local residents, business profits remain and circulate in the community d. Cooperative membership builds social networks and strengthens social cohesion which are essential elements of a strong, healthy communities by connecting diverse community residents e. Purchasing cooperatives help small, local businesses remains competitive within markets dominated by large, national retailers f. Worker cooperatives create quality, empowering jobs for community members

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d. Trade Unions/Labor Unions Trade Unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields that work for common interest of its members. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay, good working environment, hours of work and benefits. They represent a cluster of workers and provide a link between the management and workers. The purpose of these unions is to look into the grievances of wagers and present a collective voice in front of the management. It acts as the medium of communication between the workers and management. Among these trade unions that exist in the Philippines are the Federation of Free Workers (FFW), Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU) and the Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP). Functions of Trade Unions: 1. Advocating for fairness and equality for workers’ compensations 2. Securing better working conditions for workers 3. Trade Unions will organize strikes and demonstrations on behalf of worker demands 4. Fight for social welfare for workers 5. Promote and advocate for education and proper training for workers 6. Advocate and fight the government for legislative protections of the workers 7. Promote and advocate for organizational growth and stability 8. Trade Unions acts as representatives of workers...