Unit 4 Cheat Sheet PDF

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Summary

"Cheat sheet" that was allowed to be used during the unit 4 test....

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CMNS 101: Unit 4 Chapter 11: Facilitative Communication Apprehension- Some natural nervousness and anxiety that may help improve performance. Debilitative Communication Apprehension- Involves fear and self-doubt that inhibits effective self-expression. Accurate information can be found via catalog sources, reference works, periodicals, databases, and interviews. Survey research can also be effective- it involves getting feedback from your peers and other contributors. Things to keep in mind when preparing a speech:    

Audience attitude Audience’s values and beliefs Audience demographics (age, gender, cultural diversity, etc.) Number of people in the audience

Fallacy of catastrophic failure- The expectation that something catastrophic may occur. Fallacy of perfection- Involves the thinking that the audience is expecting perfection. Fallacy of approval- The belief that you must please everyone. Fallacy of overgeneralization- Exaggerates the effects or consequences of failure. Irrational thinking can cause nervousness and may contribute to debilitative anxiety. Chapter 12: Working outline- A tool that maps out your speech and is only meant for your eyes to see. Formal outline- Uses a consistent format and set of symbols; more organized than a working outline. Types of supporting material include: Examples, statistics, definitions, analogies/compare-contrast, anecdotes, and quotations/testimonies. Narration- A story or incident that relates to the information being discussed in the speech. Citation- Acknowledges outside sources. Transitions- Keeps the content moving forward. Types of logical patterns:     

Time patterns- Information is organized in a chronological order. Space patterns- Organized according to area. Topic patterns- Relates to topics and categories. Problem-solution patterns- Describes what’s wrong and proposes a way to fix it/make it better. Cause-effect patterns- Describes what happened and the results of what happened.

Rule of Division- Requires at least 2 sub points for every topic. Rule of Parallel Wording- Similar or parallel expression needed in main points. Chapter 13:

Emphasize important points through repetition and signposts. Signposts- A technique that’s used to make speech more fluent. Visual aids should be evaluated for:     

Simplicity Size Attractiveness Reliability Appropriateness

Purpose involves descriptions, explanations, and instructions. Types of visual aids include: Bar and column charts, line charts, models and objects, photos, videos, audio files, diagrams, word and number charts, and pie charts. Chapter 14: Social Judgement Theory- Argues that listeners compare the opinions of persuasive speakers to those that they already hold. Measures of audience opinions include:   

Latitudes of acceptance (agree) Latitudes of rejection (disagree) Latitudes of non-commitment (in the middle/no opinion)

Direct persuasion is the exact opposite of indirect persuasion! Use ethos, pathos, AND logos in a persuasive speech. Solid evidence is mandatory in persuasion, including emotional evidence. Propositions of fact- When the audience is asked to choose the truth about conflicting information between 2 or more sides. Propositions of value- Explores the worth of an idea, person, or object. Propositions of policy- Recommends a specific course of action. Persuasion is defined as a “reason-giving discourse.” Fallacies include:        

Ad hominem- Personal attacks. Reduction to the absurd/slippery slope (reduction ad absurdum)- Taking an argument to absurd lengths. Either-or- Presenting false alternatives. False cause (post hoc)- Misinterpreting one thing as causing another. Appeal to authority (ad vercundiam)- Presenting unreliable testimony. Red herring- Something that is misleading or distracting. Hasty generalization- To reach a generalization that isn’t sufficiently backed up. Ad populum- Using peer pressure....