UNIT-TWO GEED-10013-LIFE-AND- Works-OF- Rizal-1 PDF

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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINESCollege of Social Sciences and Development DEPARTMENT OF HISTORYINSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FORGEED 10013: Life and Works of RizalPREPARED BY:GUIEB, ELISOR C. JR.MARAYAN, EULA JEAN L.AGUSTIN, MA. RHODORA O.CABANILLA, NARCISO L.CONCILLADO, ALJON I.MENDEZ, JEFFERSO...

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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES College of Social Sciences and Development DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FOR GEED 10013: Life and Works of Rizal

PREPARED BY:

GUIEB, ELISOR C. JR. MARAYAN, EULA JEAN L. AGUSTIN, MA. RHODORA O. CABANILLA, NARCISO L. CONCILLADO, ALJON I. MENDEZ, JEFFERSON R. PERMEJO, JEROME P. PASCUAL, MC DONALD DOMINGO M. PINGUL, ARVIN LLOYD B. TAN, RYAN UBALDO, ABEL A. VILLAR, PAULO BENEDICTO C.

COURSE OVERVIEW GEED 10013: LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

As mandated by Republic Act 1425, this course covers the lives and works of our heroes who lived and died for the ideals of freedom and nationalism. A major focus of discussion would be Jose Rizal’s life, works, and ideas particularly his Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, and his political essays. This course seeks to develop a sense of moral character, personal discipline, civic consciousness, and duties of citizenship in the Filipino youth. Due to the challenges of the COVID-19 Crisis, faculty members of the Department of History of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines have been tasked with developing modules to be disseminated to students who do not have a stable internet connection and/or lack the necessary tools to facilitate online learning. Using this modular approach, the faculty member designated to teach this course will provide the reading materials that students need to examine, understand, and evaluate. As discussions were already limited, questions were asked at the end of each lesson to guide the students to learning. This module is divided into five (5) units with a total of twelve (12) lessons. It uses a different set of reference materials as compared to what was indicated in the course syllabus. The reason for this is that the course instructor considered the difficulty that the students could encounter in accessing these materials online and in public libraries. For Unit 1, it will give a better understanding of the RA 1425 and explain the major issues surrounding the bill and its passage into law, and reflect on the impact and relevance of its legislation throughout history. In Unit 2, the students will have the opportunity to distinguish the importance of concept such as Nation, Heroes, and Nationalism by studying the lives and ideas of selected Filipino heroes. On Unit 3, it will expound on the following economic, political, and social events of the 19th century: opening of the Suez Canal, opening of ports to world trade, rise of the export crop economy and monopolies, rise of the Chinese mestizo and the Inquilinos, liberalism, the Cadiz Constitution, and the history of friar estates in the Philippines. While Unit 4, it focuses on the family background of Jose Rizal, his life and experiences as a young boy and as a student. And lastly, Unit 5 shall examine the major writings of Rizal as a contributing factor in the process of transforming him from a propagandist to a radical. As the previous unit dealt with his life story, this unit will cover the ideals and principles of Rizal as extracted from his writings.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS GEED 10013: LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

Course Overview………………………………………………………………………………………

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Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………………..

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Course Outcomes…………………………………………………………………………………….

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Instructional Materials.………………………………………………………………………………

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Unit 1:

UNDERSTANDING THE RIZAL LAW

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Republic Act 1425 Mc Donald Domingo M. Pascual……………………………..……

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NATION, HEROES AND NATIONALISM

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Philippine Nationalism: Heroes and their Ideas Jefferson R. Mendez…………..…...

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THE NINETEENTH CENTURY PHILIPPINES

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The Philippine’s Economic, Social and Political conditions during the Spanish Colonization until the 19th century as Rizal’s context Elisor C. Guieb, Jr……..…….

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The Case of Hacienda de Calamba: In Focus Paulo Benedicto C. Villar……...……

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Mid-term Assessment .....................................................................................................................

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Unit 4:

FAMILY, EDUCATION AND MATRYDOM OF RIZAL

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The Family, Education and Travels of Rizal Abel A. Ubaldo……………………...…. Exile in Dapitan, Trial and Execution Paulo Benedicto C. Villar…………………...… Jose Rizal in the La Solidaridad and his views on the Revolution Paulo Benedicto C Villar………………………………………………………………….

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WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL

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Unit 2:

Unit 3:

Unit 5:

Annotation of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas Arvin Lloyd B. Pingul……………………………………………………………………… Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Eula Jean L. Marayan…………………....… The Indolence of the Filipinos (Sobre La Indolencia de los Filipinos) Aljon I. Concillado……………………………………………………………………….. Philippines a Century Hence (Filipinas dentro de cienaños) Aljon I. Concillado……………………………………………………………………….. Liham sa Mga Kababaihan ng Malolos Ma. Rhodora O. Agustin…….……………. Final Assessment.................................................................................................................. Grading System…………………………………………………………………………………….. References……………………………………………………………………………………………

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67 70 79 83 88 91 92 93

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COURSE OUTCOMES GEED 10013: LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

At the end of the course, students should be able to: 1. Discuss Jose Rizal’s life within the context of the 19th century Philippines in relation to international events. 2. Understand the context that produced Rizal and other nationalists. 3. Analyze Rizal’s various works, particularly the novels Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. 4. Organize Rizal’s ideas into various themes. 5. Demonstrate a critical reading of primary sources from various personages relevant to the formation of nationalism. 6.

Interpret the values that can be derived from studying Rizal and other nationalists’ life and works.

7. Display an appreciation for education and love of country.

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INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS GEED 10013: LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

Note: Please do not write anything unnecessary on these instructional materials. Use a clean sheet of bond paper in answering your activity/assessment either in a type-written or handwritten format (please see the appendices for the sample template). When doing a hand-written work, make sure that your penmanship is legible. You have to return these instructional materials to the university upon completion of all the lessons, reading materials and assigned tasks. The deadline of submission is on the third week of February 2021 or a week before the end of the semester via the service courier provided by the university. Intellectual Property: Please note the compilers do not claim credit for all the information included in these learning materials. Original author/s of the data used in this material is properly cited and a portion is specifically allotted for the references. If there is information or original author/s that is not cited or missed information in the reference sections please inform the authors to update the material as well as the accuracy of the data. Data Privacy: Under the Republic Act 10173 or Data Privacy Act of 2012 this Instructional Materials is not for sale and the authors do not allow reproduction aside to be used by the Polytechnic University of the Philippines for the modular learning system. Any duplication of the material without the permission of the compilers shall be penalized under the data privacy act.

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Unit Two NATION, HEROES AND NATIONALISM Overview What is a hero? The American social scientist, Arthur Bernstein defines this noble figure as “an individual of high moral stature and superior ability who pursues his goal indefatigably in the face of a powerful antagonist. Because of his incomparable devotion to the good will, no matter the opposition, a hero attains spiritual greatness even if he fails to achieve practical victory. Jose Rizal and other Filipino histories are important source for capturing our own concept of heroism. By analyzing the life and ideas of Rizal and other Filipino heroes, we affirm that our race possesses the spirit necessary to move this country forward. The important thing is to rise to the moment, selflessly and individually. In that instant, our separate actions are embraced and broadened into a collective drive for a national interest. According to Pablo S. Trillana III, Rizal’s unbroken devotion to the goodness led to the building of our nation out of a colonized race. In word and deed, he lashed at the injustice and oppression of Spanish authorities. This will fall with Bernstein’s definition of a dying hero is not a criterion of heroism and is not a static concept, it is more like a spectrum with overlapping degrees and nuances in between. Rizal’s moral ideals and devotion as well as his narratives of life are still in the hearts and minds of many people not just Filipinos. In this unit, students will have the opportunity to distinguish the importance of concept such as Nation, Heroes, and Nationalism by studying the lives and ideas of selected Filipino heroes, in particular Jose Rizal. In commemorating and realizing the martyrdom of these heroes, we are, therefore, essentially asserting that our race possesses the spirit necessary to move this country forward.

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LESSON 2 Philippine Nationalism: Heroes and their Ideas Learning Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student should be able to: ฀ ฀ ฀

Relate Rizal’s life to the life of the nation. Assess what characterizes a hero. Analyze the life of various Filipino heroes

It is common for Filipinos to look for someone to admire –saints, politicians, artists, models, etc., someone they will glorify and imitate. Since the time of the declaration of Philippine independence, 122 years ago, many have been recognized as Filipino heroes, more so today, that every individual who has become so popular or the main character in any particular event has been given the title “hero”. The essence of the word “hero” is past decline, today you do not have to die or to act gallantly to give a noble title or that some just won a boxing match. Time has really evolved and so is our standard in defining a Filipino hero. Will our forefathers who gave their lives for the sake of freedom feel insulted for this? Are these the Filipinos we’re going to look for guidance through times, aren’t our children losing the true meaning of heroism thorough our actions? All these things we need to ask ourselves before we give anyone the title “hero”. But what does it mean to be a hero? Esteban de Ocampo, a well-known historian, stated that a hero means a prominent or central figure that plays an admirable part in any remarkable action or event; a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger or fortitude in suffering; and a man honored by public worship after his death for an exceptional service to mankind. The true heroes of Philippine history deserve to be called, because they had no idea that one day they would be measured, they just would just act upon their principles. The concept of honoring heroes came only to the Philippines in 1900, when the Philippine Commission (Pardo de Tavera, Legarda, Luzurriaga (Filipino members) and headed by William Howard Taft) adopted Act No. 137 combining the districts of Morong and Manila to be named “Province of Rizal” in honor of the most illustrious Filipino. In fact, this Act was contested by many, but the basis of the Commission was so strong that it surpassed the public’s concerns. Since then, heroes have been celebrated here and there, citing their names in every politician’s speeches, declaring holidays, naming streets, building monuments, etc. in their honor. Until one day, realizing that so many names were recognized as heroes, there was a need to assess the situation. During Marcos’ presidency, he asked the National Heroes Commission to come up with the criteria for a national hero. On March 28, 1993, by Executive Order No. 75 of the President, the National Heroes Committee was established, commissioned to study, evaluate and recommend historical figures to be declared national heroes. The Committee composed of worthy members, with a series of discussions, has come up with the new criteria. The criteria are made up of 10 standards: first, the extent of a person’s sacrifices for the welfare of the country. Second, the motive and methods used to attain the goal of independence (was his ideal purely for the welfare of the country and without any taint of self-interested motives, most of all the method of attainment should be morally valid). The third is the moral character of the person concerned (the person should not have a question of immorality affecting his ideal). The fourth is the influence of the person concerned on his or her age and or the succeeding age. Fifth, heroes are those who have a concept of nation and then aspire to fight strugglefor

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the nation’s freedom (they must have desired the country’s freedom in any situation especially when there is a threat of invasion in any form). Sixth, heroes are those who define and contribute to a system of life of freedom and order for a nation (one who helps in the orderliness and betterment of the country). Seventh, heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation. Eight, a hero is part of the people’s expression (the citizen must have recognized and acknowledged the person as a hero). Ninth, a hero is thinking of the future, especially of future generations, and his concern for the future generations must be seen in his choices and ideals). Finally, the choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or event in history, but of the entire process that has made this particular person a hero. Filipino’s expectations of public figures are different now than they were more than a hundred years ago, perhaps because of the realization that no one is perfect. This is why so many have been recognized as heroes, and many have been voted in important governing positions with flaws and questionable characters. Lucky are those who aspire one day to be called heroes, who have already set to criteria to shape their decisions. I hope that the criteria for national heroes will not only be checked against historical figures, but also against the politicians to whom we will entrust the power to govern our country. Today, it is important to recall their most significant acts of patriotism, which have led to the birth of generations of free and proud Filipinos. Jose Rizal (1861-1896): Rizal was a national hero who, through his writings, exposed the corruptions and wrongdoings of the Spanish colonial government. He founded a progressive organization called “La Liga Filipina,” which was considered a threat by the Spanish authorities and ultimately led to his arrest. Tributes and trivia: The Rizal Monument is near the place where Rizal fell at the Luneta in Bagumbayan, known to many as Rizal Park. The Taft Commission of June 1901 also approved Act 137 renaming the District of Morong to the Province of Rizal. Today, the widespread acceptance of Rizal as the nation’s premier hero is evidenced by the countless towns, streets, and parks named in his honor. Moreover, Rizal’s literary works continue to be immortalized through cinematic depictions and plays. Andres Bonifacio (1863-1897): Bonifacio founded the Katipunan, a secret society that spearheaded the uprising against the oppressive Spanish rule. It was said as the beginning of the first Philippine Republic. He was tried for acts hostile to the existence of a new government and was sentenced to death by a military tribunal. Tributes and trivia: Apart from Rizal, the only other hero to be recognized as a national hero is Bonifacio, whose date of birth on November 30 was officially proclaimed as a national holiday. Monuments of Bonifacio, like Rizal, are common across the nation; and again, like his compatriot, this inspiring hero’s life has been immortalized on film and television, such as 2014’s Bonifacio : Ang Unang Pangulo (Robin Padilla), 2013’s TV series Katipunan and 2014’s Ilustrado.

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Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) Aguinaldo is a revolutionary, political and military leader officially recognized as the First President of the Philippines. After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941, he cooperated with the new forces and made a radio call for American and Filipino soldiers to surrender in Bataan. He was arrested as a collaborator on the return of the Americans but was later released on general amnesty. Tributes and trivia: In 1931, an American Pre-Code documentary entitled Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks, showed host Fairbanks in an interview with former Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo was also featured in various revolutionary films, such as actors Mon Confiado in Heneral Luna, and Jericho Ejercito and E.R. Ejercito in El Presidente highlights his controversial life. Juan Luna (1857-1899): Luna was a painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century. He is also considered a Philippine’s master artist for paintings, often depicting his country sentiments. Tributes and trivia: Luna’s most revered work of art; “The Spoliarium” is on display in the National Museum. Of his most sought-after masterpieces, “¿A Do…Va la Nave?” sold for P46.8 million at an auction in Makati. In the film, the brilliant Luna was portrayed by Bryan Benedict in Ilustrado; and Allan Paule in Heneral Luna. Marcelo Del Pilar (1850-1896): Del Pilar was a propagandist and satirist of the Philippine Revolution. He tried to suppress the nationalist sentiment of the Filipino ilustrados or bourgeoisie, against Spanish imperialism. He founded the newspaper Diariong Tagalog to spread liberal democratic ideas among farmers and peasants. Tributes and trivia: For his 150 essays and 66 editorials, mostly published in La Solidaridad and various anti-friar pamphlets, Del Pilar has long been considered as the “Father of Philippine Journalism.” As such Samahang Plaridel, an organization of veteran journalists and communicators, was founded in October 2003 to honor his ideals. The group further promotes cooperation and understanding among Filipino journalists in the service of the nation. Melchora Aquino (1812-1919): One of the two females among the nine historical figures for recommendation as heroes, Aquino ran a store that became a refuge for sick and wounded revolutionaries. She fed and provided medical attention to the revolutionaries, encouraging them to carry out the struggle with maternal advice and offering prayers. Secret meetings of the Katipuneros were also held in her home, giving Aquino the titles “Woman of Revolution”, “Mother of Balintawak”, “Mother of the Philippine Revolution”, and more famously “Tandang Sora.”

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Tributes and trivia: as a token of gratitude, the district and the road in Quezon City were named after Tandang Sora. She was also commemorated in the five-centavo coin, which existed from 1967 to 1992; and is considered the very first Filipina to appear on the Philippine peso banknote, in this case the 100-peso bill from the English Series (1951 to 1966). Apolinario Mabini (1864-1903): Mabini was the “brains” of the revolution. He served first as a legal and constitutional adviser to the Revolutionary Government and then as the first Prime Minister of the Philippines upon the establishment of the First Philippine Republic. Mabini performed his entire revolutionary and governmental activities despite losing the use of both his legs to polio shortly before the Philippine Revolu...