URBANIZATION PATTERNS IN THE DEVELOPING NATIONS (THIRD WORLD) PDF

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COMES UNDER THE SUB FIELD OF URBAN GEOGRAPHY, EXPLAINS IN BRIEF THE TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF URBANIZATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SINCE WORLD WAR II ...

Description

PATTERNS

OF

URBANIZATION

IN

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: The growth of population in urban areas is known as urbanization whereas decrease of population is known as “de urbanization”. The growth of cities will be the single largest influence on development in the 21st century were the opening words of UNFPA’s 1996 “STATE OF WORLD POPULATION REPORT”. It predicted the world urban population will grow upto 4.9 billion by 2030, most of which will be in Asia and Africa. Historically most of the first ancient towns were found in areas which now come under 3rd world countries.

ESTD. OF PORTS AND HARBOURS RISE OF SUB DIVISIONAL & DITRICT COURTS

ESTD. OF MUNICIPALITY

RISE OF HIGHER EDUCATION

INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE

URBANISATION

INTENSIFICATION OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION

HILL STATIONS AND FISHING

GROWTH OF TRADE AND COMMERCE

DOMINANT RELIGIOUS CENTRES

3 concepts of urbanisation which have been currently used in social sciences by LAMPARD 1. BEHAVIOURAL-

concerned with the experience of

individual over time and with patterns of behaviour. 2. STRUCTURAL- employed to activities of whole population & is primarily concerned with change in economic structure. According to CARTER “urbanization is seen therefore as a product of increasing economic specialisation & advancing technology. The only way it is possible to advance from a subsistence basis is specialisms necessitate the accumulation of people and this is process of urbanization”. 3. DEMOGRAPHIC-

related

to

increasing

population

concentration in urban areas- KINGLEY DAVIS According to PRAKASHA RAO 3 distinct processes can be identified in India: a. Metropolitanization b. Commercialisation c. Rural- urbanization/ subsistence urbanization (1973) According to KINGSLEY DAVIS- geographical study of urban settlement in th world is concerned with  Physical & cultural conditions involved in origin of nucleus of settlement.  Reaction of this nucleus in its functional & morphological development to impact of historical events.

INDICATORS OF URBANIZATION

LEVEL OF URBANISATION= (urban pop/ total pop)*100 PATTERNS

urban density= (total urban pop/total area)

OFURBANIZATION

IN

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: 1. A new scale of changeUrban transition has paralleled the demographic transition in LDCs in the form of a S shaped curve of growth tied to DTT. URBANIZATION TRENDS: UNFPA estimated that by 2020 the world’s population will reach a 57% urbanization level, of which 80% of urban increase will occur in developing countries Disparities within developed world- nearly 3 quarters of population of Latin America and Caribbean live in urban areas, while 2/3rds or more population remain rural in china, India, Indonesia, & sub Saharan Africa.

Africa- most rapidly urbanising in past 4 decades. China- urban growth accelerated while population growth declines. COUNTRY WISE PATTERN: I.

LATIN AMERICA:  Megalocephalic type of Urbanization- much more urbanized than Asia or Africa. (Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Colombia).  16 out of 22 countries have more than half of the population concentrated in Megalocephalic city.  While, Jamaica, Gautemala, and Haiti- 80% of urban population concentration in area of capital city.  1980s & 1990s- Latin America surpassed all other regions in rate of growth of its urban population.  Problems: uneven levels of economic development+ rural urban dichotomy + unplanned squatters.  Also concentration have been in single primate city in Buenos Aires, Santiago, Lima.  More than ½ of the population already lived in urban areas in 1975 & 3/4ths by 2000 (16 out of 20 countries).  Rate of rural urban migration likely to slow down, growth of cities will be rapid as long as growth is not curtailed.  Pattern of urbanization characterised by heavy concentration of economic activities & wealthy in a few very large centres, providing stack contrast to the economic activities & much lower average incomes in many of the peripheral regions.  Average urban incomes are increasing, poverty is a serious concern.

 Jamaica, Gautemala, & Haitihad 80 % of population around capital city.  HIGHLY URBANISED MIDDLE INCOME COUNTTIES OF LATIN AMERICA. II.

ASIAN EXPERIANCE : LOW INCOME ASIA  Ancient towns of 4th millennium B.C. dates back to Mohendaro, Harrapa.  Early manifestations of urban life- Persian Gulf, cities of Summeru (Euphrates), Babylon.  20th century : aside Japan, Hong Kong tops the list since 1945 & represent increasing urban population density of Asia.  Varying degree of underscores existed- Yemen (11%), Bhutan (4%), Nepal (6%), Myanmar (28%) etc. While Japan (78%), Kuwait (89%), Singapore (100%), Hong Kong (90%).  There is a tendency of “ one great metropolis, the primate city” in SE Asian countries.  Growth of sub- urbanization can be seen from slowing down of growth rate of large cities. For ex- Manila city grew by 209.3% between 1947-90 while Quinton in its periphery had a walked increase of 268.5%  In 1990, urban population in Asia has 465 million & where in terms of physical conditions- cities described as in a “STATE OF CRISIS”.  Though predominantly rural & despite intense population pressures on agricultural land, the level & rate of urbanization are expected to remain low.  Because cities generally do not offer more attractive working & living conditions than do rural areas.

 Absolute size of urban population of India, exceeded the combined urban population of Argentina Brazil, & Mexico III.

RURAL COUNTRIES OF SUB SAHARAN AFRICA:  urban growth is a recent & rapid phenomenon.  Due to increase natural population growth and massive rural urban migration.  Cities are of moderate size by international standards.  Urban poverty is a relatively minor problem when compared to rural poverty.

There is currently a marked difference between the contemporary urbanization process & the historical process. Occurring far more rapidly against a background of increasing population growth, lower income, & few opportunities for internal migration. In 1950s only one city in these countries (Greater Buenos Aires had a population of over 5 million where 5 cities in the industrialised countries had reached or exceeded that size) By 2000, LDCs would have 40 cities of this kind while 12 in HDCs. 18 cities are expected to have more than 10 million inhabitants. Ex- Mexico city and Sau Paulo grew by half a million & Jakarta and Seoul grew by over ½ of million people.

OTHERS

rate southern

Europe,

middle east & north Africa approach levels of urbanization similar to those Latin America

of

urban

population growth in South Europe are substantially lower than in any other group of developing countries & urban slowing growth is down in middle east, & n Africa & especially in E Asia

important pockets of urban poverty & regional stagnation exist in some nations such as the Philippines & Turkey

1980 - there were more 19 million cities in developing & only 103 in developed. 5 out of 10 megacities were over 10 millions in developing countires

in 1800, Asia- 34 cities(1,00,000), Europe22 cities while in 1900- asia had 40 cities while europe had 57 million (2,00,000)_

GROWTH OF LARGE CITIES

2018- tokyois the world's largest city with an agglomeration of 37 million inhabitants, followed by Delhi- 29 million, Sanghai- 26 million, Cairo, Mumbai, Dhaka are all close to 20 millions inhabitants

16 largest cities in LDCs showed growth rates between 2.4 % (calcutta) to 8.3% (seoul) in 1950-75

CONCEPT OF URBAN PRIMACY: 1. “Polarisation reversal” in Latin American countries 2. Degree of dominance levelled off in Brazil, Chile, Columbia, & Peru.

RURAL URBAN MIGRATION AND URBAN GROWTH

Rural urban migration main cause of urban growth in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, before 1960s

a symptom & contributory factor to underdevelopment ( TODARO)

IN INDIA, increase from net migration19.03% during 197181

ISSUES OF "OVER URBANIZATION" & FORMATION AND SIZE- DISTRIBUTION OF CITIES

Urban growth in LDCs have been a result of an "urban bias" in govt. policies

NGOs+ pvt. sector role should be recognised in facilitating the proviosn of shelter

Agglomeration favoured

"QUIET REVOLUTION" in local governance

promotion of growth with equity...