Vocab Chapters 1 and 2 PDF

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Vocab for chapters 1 and 2. Characteristics of Living Organisms and Basic Chem...

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Bio 113 Life Science Vocab Chapter 1: Anatomy: The study of structure and organization. Physiology: The study of function at many levels Unicellular: Being singled cell. Multicellular: Having multiple cells. Responsiveness: Ability of organism to react to stimuli. Homeostasis: Internal equilibrium achieved by adjusting physiological processes. Atom: Smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of an element. Molecule: Group of atoms bonded together. Organelle: A specialized part in a cell. Cell: The level at which properties of life emerge. Basic subunit of living things Tissue: A group of similar cells that perform the same function. Organ: A group of tissues with similar functions. Organ System: Two or more organs work together for a particular function. Organism: All of the organ systems and how they work together. Metabolism: All chemical processes/reactions in body cells Catabolism: Breakdown of substances into smaller molecules. Releases ATP. Anabolism: Reactions in which make larger substances from smaller building blocks. Requires ATP. Stimulus: A change Differentiation: The specialization of cells. Mutation: Variations in genes. Gene: Segments of DNA that specify traits. Evolution: How a population changes over time. Variable: A factor that is continuously monitored and regulated by homeostasis. Set Point: The average value of a particular value.

Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life (Part 1) Element: Pure substances from which compounds are formed. Nucleus: Membrane bound organelle that contains DNA., Also contains protons and neutrons on a molecular level. Chemical properties: How the atoms react or bond with one another. Physical Properties: Properties that are detectable and measurable. Proton: Positive charge Neutron: No charge Electron: Negative charge. Atomic number: Equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of that atom. Mass number: The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in nucleus. Atomic weight: Equal to the mass number. Average of mass numbers of all isotopes Isotope: Structural variation of an element. Radioactive isotope: Unstable isotopes with a nucleus that decays spontaneously. Electron shell: Orbitals that surround each nucleus and contain electrons. Valence shell: Outermost electron shell. Octet rule: General rule for stability for an electron. Electronegativity: Measure of an atom’s ability to attract shared electrons. Compound: Molecule containing atoms of more than one element., consist of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio. Covalent bond: Shared pair of electron, bond that links two atoms together. Non polar covalent bond:No electrical charge; electrons shared equally. Produces non polar molecules. Polar covalent bond: Electrical charge; unequal sharing of electrons. Produces polar molecules. Hydrogen bond: Weak attraction between slightly positive H and slightly negative O. Can form between adjacent molecules or different parts of a large molecule."

Ionic bond: Two atoms held together by attraction between opposite charges. Ion: Charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. Atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from transfer (gain or loss) of electrons. Cation: Positive ion. Anion: Negative ion. Polar molecule: Nonpolar molecule: Hydrophilic: Readily dissolves in water, attracted to water. Hydrophobic: Does not dissolve in water, not attracted to water. Reactants: Molecules that participate in reactions. Products: Substances formed by reactions. Decomposition: A compound breaks down . AB—> A + B Synthesis: Two or more reactions combine to form a single product. A + B—> AB Exchange: When two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms. # AB + CD—> AC+BD Reversible reaction: Reactions that can go in either direction under different circumstances. Oxidation: Loss of electrons or H atoms. Reduction: Addition of electrons or H atoms. Cellular respiration: Produces carbon dioxide and water. Exergonic: Energy releasing (Catabolism/catabolic reactions) Endergonic: Require input of energy (Anabolism/anabolic reactions) Cohesion: Ability of molecules of the same kind to cling to each other. Adhesion: Tendency of water molecules to cling to other polar surfaces. Heat capacity: Defined as the amount of heat to be supplied to a given mass of a material to produce a unit of change in its temperature. Chemical Reactivity: Ability to participate in chemical reactions. Solvent:Dissolving agent# Solute: Dissolved substance

Solution: A liquid mixture in which the minor component (solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (solvent). Surface tension: Measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid. pH: Mathematical way to indicate number of H+ in a solution. Acid: Substance that donates H ions in a solution Base: Substances that accepts H ions or ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions. Neutral: Neither acidic or alkaline, having a pH of about 7. Buffer: Chemical or combination of chemicals that keep pH within normal limits. Bicarbonate buffer system: Major buffer for the extra fluid in the human organ system# Equilibrium: Ratio of products to reactants is stable. Electrolyte: Substances that ionize in water. Ionization: Process of forming ions. Dissociation: Separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules

Chapter 2 Organic Molecules (Part 2): Organic molecule: Molecules that make up living organisms. They contain carbon and hydrogen, and are diverse and complex molecules. Isomer: Compounds with the same number and kinds of atoms (same chemical formula) but in a variety of arrangements. Functional group: Specific combination of bonded atoms that always has the same chemical properties and always reacts the same way. Polymer: Molecules that are made from identical building blocks strung together. Monomer: Subunits or building blocks of polymers. Dehydration synthesis: Reaction that removes a water molecule, to link monomers to form polymers. Hydrolysis breakdown: Reaction that adds a water molecule to break a covalent bond between two monomers. The water molecule is hydrolyzed and used to break the bond. Single sugar: (Monosaccharides) Carbohydrate monomers Simple sugar: (Monosaccharides) Carbohydrate monomers ^^

Disaccharide: Formed from two monosaccharides (monomers) linked via dehydration synthesis reaction. Polysaccaride: Carbohydrate polymers composed of 1000’s of monomers linked together. Monosaccaride: Carbohydrates monomers. Glycoprotein: Found on surface of cell membrane, help to distinguish cell types. They are a major component of mucus and are found in some hormones and allergens. Glycolipid: Carbohydrates bonded to a lipid. Proteoglycan: Macromolecules in which the carbohydrate molecule is dominant. They help form gels that help hold cells/ tissues together. They also form gel filler in umbilical cord and eye. They make cartilage flexible . Glycogen: Polymer storage form of glucose in animals. In humans it is stored in the liver, muscles, brain and uterus. Starch: The energy storage polysaccharide of plants. Cellulose: A structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants. Chitin: Fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi. Glycerol: Three carbon alcohol. Fatty acid: Precursor of triglycerides, source of energy. It is usually a chain of 4 to 24 carbon atoms with a carbonyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other. Saturated fatty acid: No double bonds between the long carbon chain. These include most animal fats. Unsaturated fatty acid: One or more double bonds between the long carbon chain. These include most plant oils. Amphipathic: Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. Eicosanoid: 20 Carbon compounds, derived from arachidonic acid (fatty acid). Prostaglandins: Produced in almost all tissues, they play roles in inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions, blood vessel diameter and other processes. Amino acid: Acid that has a central carbon atom bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group and a unique side chain (symbolized by R).# Substrate: The substance the enzyme acts upon. Active site: A pocket on the enzyme surface where the reaction occurs.

Allosteric site: The place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate may bind, changing the shape of the enzyme and influencing it’s ability to be active. Enzyme-substrate complex: Compared to as a lock and key. When the substrate binds to the enzyme. Cofactor: A non protein organic or inorganic substance necessary for enzyme function. Coenzyme: Organic cofactors, very important in metabolic reactions. Enzyme inhibitor: Chemicals that interfere with enzyme’s activity, they are a key to regulating cell metabolism. Activation energy (EA): The energy needed to get the reaction started. Feedback inhibition: Cellular reaction in which an enzyme’s activity is inhibited by the enzyme’s end product. Peptide bond: Bond formed by dehydration synthesis reaction linking two AA monomers together. Dipeptide: A peptide composed of two amino-acids. Polypeptide: Chain of 100s of 1000s of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Denaturation: Process in which a polypeptide chain loses its shape (secondary structure), unravels (tertiary structure) and loses its function. Disulfide bridges: Functional group with an SS bond. (R-S-S-R) CAM’s: Cell adhesion proteins. Competitive inhibitor: Work by blocking substrates from entering active site, decreasing enzyme’s productivity Noncompetitive inhibitor: Work by binding to enzyme on allosteric site and change shape of active site. They prevent the substrate from binding. Transcription:First steps in DNA expression. Translation: Process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins after transcription of DNA to RNA. Complementary base pairs (pairing): Sickle cell disease: Chromatin:Consists of RNA and DNA. Chromosomes: Threadlike structure of nucleic acids and proteins found in the nucleus of living cells, contains genetic information in the form of genes. Nucleosomes: Basic structural unit of DNA

Histones: Basic proteins that associate with DNA and help to condense it into chromatin. ATP: Key nucleotide for energy transfer, renewable source of energy for cell Phosphorylation: Process where the hydrolysis of ATP releases energy by transferring 3rd phosphate to some other molecule. Nucleotide: Have 3 parts. 5 carbon monosaccharides, 1 or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogen containing base. Enzyme: Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in cells, and are usually proteins. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, double stranded helical molecule found in cell nucleus. It stores genetic information (makes up genes). It also provides instructions for protein synthesis. DNA is transcribed into RNA RNA: Ribonucleic acid, single stranded molecule found in both nucleus and cytoplasm of cell. It translated genetic information in DNA into instructions for linking amino acids to form specific proteins. RNA is translated into proteins. Pyrimidine: Include N bases thymine, cytosine, and uracil. Purine: Includes N bases, guanine and adenine. GTP: Purine-containing nucleotide with role as energy carrier. NAD*: Accepts electrons and is reduced to NADH FAD: Accepts electrons and is reduced to FADH2 Nitrogenous base: A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. In DNA are (A) adenine, (G) guanine, (T) thymine, and (C) cytosine....