Water Analysis Group 5 PDF

Preview

Summary

CONFIDENTIAL EH/OCT 2020/CHEUNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARALABORATORYCOURSE : INTORUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERINGCOURSE CODE : CHE 332ASSESSMENT : EXPERIMENT 1Course Outcomes: Respond to the experimental outcome of environmental experiments.Item Marks Introduction & objective / Materials, pro...

Description

CONFIDENTIAL

EH/OCT 2020/CHE332

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA LABORATORY

COURSE

:

INTORUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE

:

CHE332

ASSESSMENT

:

EXPERIMENT 1

Course Outcomes:  Respond to the experimental outcome of environmental experiments.

Item

Introduction & objective Materials, procedure & safety precaution Data, results & discussion Organization & appearance Question & answer (Post-experiment) Peer evaluation GRAND TOTAL (CO3,LO2)

Marks /10

/30 /20 /10 /20 /10

/100

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING UiTM Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang Jalan Purnama, Bandar Seri Alam 81750 Masai Johor Darul Ta’zim Tel : 607-3818000 TECHNICAL/EXECUTIVE REPORT : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Exp No. : Topic :

1

Apparatus/ Instrument :

Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and IN-SITU Water Analysis

Mark :

100

Date : Students

Course : Introduction to Environmental Engineering No.

Name

Semester : 3

16/11/2020 Group:

J4EH1103C

Matrix No.

1

Muhammad Afrizal bin A. Mustaffa

2019434114

2

Muhammad Afiq Syahmi bin Samsol

2019418982

3

Muhammad Aiman Hafiz bin Samikon

2019203892

Signature

4 5 Lecturer

1. Siti Hajar Anaziah Binti Muhamad 2.

Introduction : The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a measure of organic matter in water samples. The COD test is regularly performed in wastewater to determine its quality for environmental engineers and others environmental field. The COD test is based on the amount of a specified oxidant that reacts with the sample under controlled conditions. The quantity of oxidant consumed is expressed in terms of its oxygen equivalence. In fact that a strong oxidizing agent that is under acidic conditions can fully oxidize almost any organic compound to carbon dioxide. In this lab, it will show the principle of finding the amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic matter. This lab also shows how the COD can be used to measure the quality or strength of wastewater. In this experiment, three types of water are being tested which are tap water, drain water and lake water. Apart from that, this lab also conduct an experiment to determine the water quality with 3 different parameters. The parameters that are being observed are pH, conductivity and temperature analysis of different water samples. In this lab, 3 water samples which are lake water, tap water and drain water are being used for the test. The data and results from both COD and Water Analysis experiment were collected and recorded. Once the data was recorded, the COD, pH, conductivity and temperature were determined for all the samples by calculating the average value.

Objective : 1) To determine the chemical oxygen demand for different types of water sample. 2) To conduct an experiment that measure the quality of the water sample. 3) To determine the pH, conductivity and temperature analysis for different types of water sample. 4) To be able to interpret the data and result from Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) experiment and INSITU water analysis

Materials,

1) Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Procedure &

Materials:

Safety

1. COD digestion reagent

Precautions

2. Blank sample 3. Tap water 4. Drain water 5. Lake water 6. Paper towel. Apparatus: 1. Pipette 2. Vial 3. DRB 200 reactor 4. DRB 900 Portable Calorimeter.

2) IN-SITU Water Analysis Materials: 1. Lake water 2. Tap water 3. Drain water 4. Deionize water 5. Paper towel. Apparatus: 1. Measuring cylinder 2. Beaker 3. pH probe 4. Conductivity probe 5. pH meter 6. Conductivity meter

1) Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Sample Preparation: 1. The cap of COD digestion reagent vial for the selected range is removed and the vial is hold at the angle of 45 degree. 2. A clean pipette is used to add 2 mL of blank sample to the vial 3. The vial is tightly closed and being wiped carefully with a clean paper towel. 4. Steps 1-3 is repeated by using another sample (tap water, drain water and lake water) 5. The vial is then being hold by the cap over a sink. 6. The vial is then being inverted for several times to mix. 7. The DRB 200 reactor is pre-heated at 150°C. 8. The vial is put into the pre-heated DRB 200 reactor and the lid is then closed properly. 9. The vial is then being heated for 2 hours. COD Measurement: 1. The DR 900 Portable Calorimeter is set up at COD mod. 2. The blank sample vial is cleaned and inserted into the cell holder. 3. Push zero as displays shows 0 mg/L COD. 4. The prepared sample vial is inserted into the cell holder and push “read” to record the COD value. 5. Steps 1-3 is repeated for another sample (drain water, tap water, lake water). 6. Based on given data, a bar graph on COD analysis on different types of water sample is prepared.

2) IN-SITU Water Analysis A) pH water analysis 1. 100 mL of the lake water sample is taken in triplicate. 2. The pH probe is rinsed by using deionize water and being wiped gently with paper towel. 3. 100 mL of lake water sample is transferred from measuring cylinder into beaker 4. Probe is dipped into lake water sample and reading of pH value is taken from the pH meter. 5. The pH value is recorded. 6. Steps 1-5 is repeated for another sample (tap water, drain water)

B) Conductivity & Temperature water analysis 1. 100 mL of the lake water sample is taken in triplicate 2. Conductivity probe is rinse by using deionize water and being cleaned gently with paper towel. 3. 100 mL of lake water sample is transferred from measuring cylinder into beaker 4. Conductivity probe is dipped into the lake water sample and the conductivity value and temperature is taken from the conductivity meter. 5. Conductivity value and temperature is then recorded. 6. Steps 1-5 is repeated for another sample (tap water, drain water). 7. Based on given data, the given table is then completed and a bar graph for each analysis for different types of water sample is prepared. Safety Precautions: 1. Lab coat, latex gloves and eye protection must be wear before conducting an experiment to avoid hazardous chemicals 2. The apparatus must be ensured to be in good condition before use 3. Equipment or apparatus must be handled in a safe manner 4. All chemical waste must be disposed properly after the experiment 5. The pH and conductivity probe must be rinsed with deionized water thoroughly to avoid error from occurring 1) Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Data & Results: Sample Lake Water Tap Water Drain Water

COD (mg/L) 4 3 5

COD Analysis on Different Types of Water Sample 6 5

COD (mg/L)

Data, Results & Discussion

4 3 2 1 0 Lake Water

Tap Water

Sample

Drain Water

Discussion: From the bar graph of COD analysis, the COD value for each sample is different due to the different sources of water which are lake water, tap water and drain water. Drain water has the highest COD value which is 5mg/L, followed by the average COD value of the lake water which is 4mg/L. The tap water has the lowest COD value which is 3mg/L. The COD test is conducted to determine the amount of oxygen consumed to be completely oxidized the organic water constituents to inorganic end products. The COD test also estimate the water strength and quality by measuring the chemical oxidation of the wastewater by as a strong oxidizing agent in an acid solution. In this experiment, a blank sample is used to control the volume of organic material in the sample. This is to ensure that there will be no outside organic materials added to the sample to be measured. Both water and blank sample will be compared. From the data and results above, we can say that a water sample with high COD value has a large amount of organic matter that presents in the water. The large amount of organic matter will consume the oxygen in the water and will reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO). Thus, the high COD value which are 5mg/L and 4mg/L that were shown by the drain water and lake water respectively indicated that the drain water and lake water are polluted and has a low water quality. Apart from that, A water sample with low COD value has a small amount of organic matter that presents in the water. The small amount of organic matter will consume less oxygen and it will not disrupt the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water. Thus, the low COD value which is 3mg/L that were shown by the tap water estimated that the tap water is less polluted and has a good water quality.

2) IN-SITU Water Analysis Data & Results: A) pH analysis for Different Types of Water Sample Sample Lake Water Tap Water Drain Water

1st Replicate 5.7 6.4 7.1

2nd Replicate 5.6 6.5 7.2

3rd Replicate 5.7 6.6 7.2

Average 5.6 6.5 7.2

pH Analysis for Different Types of Water Sample 8

Average pH Value

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Lake Water

Tap Water

Drain Water

Water Sample

Discussion: From the bar graph of pH analysis, the average pH value for each sample is different due to the different sources of water which are lake water, tap water and drain water. Drain water has the highest average pH value which is 7.2, followed by the average pH value of the tap water which is 6.5. The lake water has the lowest average pH value which is 5.6. The pH test is conducted to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions in the water. It describes the water acidity or alkalinity. The pH of the water is very important as it will affect the solubility and availability of nutrients in the water and how they can be utilized by aquatic organisms. From the data and results above, we can assume that a water sample with low average pH value contains high concentration of hydrogen ions that presents in the water. The high concentration of hydrogen ions in the water will make the water become too acidic and undrinkable. The lowest average pH value which is 5.6 that shown by the lake water indicates that the lake water is acidic, polluted and has a low water quality. The probability of toxic effect associated with dissolved metals including lead are likely occur. This shows that the lake water is also undrinkable and must be treated before use. Apart from that, the average pH values which are 6.5 and 7.2 that shown by the drain water and tap water respectively are near the neutral pH value. This indicates that the drain and tap water contain low concentration of hydrogen ions in the water. This indicates that the tap and drain water is not too acidic or alkaline, less polluted and has a good water quality which are drinkable and can be used by the users.

B) Conductivity Analysis for Different Types of Water Sample Sample

1st Replicate (µS/cm) 741 47.1 87.7

Lake Water Tap Water Drain Water

2nd Replicate (µS/cm) 742 46 86.7

3rd Replicate (µS/cm) 742 45.9 86.6

Average (µS/cm) 741.7 46.3 87

Average Conductivity Value (µS/cm)

Conductivity Analysis for Different Types of Water Sample 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Lake Water

Tap Water

Drain Water

Water Sample

Discussion: From the bar graph of Conductivity analysis, the average conductivity value for each sample is different due to the different sources of water which are lake water, tap water and drain water. Lake water has the highest average conductivity value which is 741.7 µS/cm, followed by the second lowest average conductivity value of the drain water which is 87 µS/cm. The tap water has the lowest average conductivity value which is 46.3 µS/cm. Conductivity measures the water ability to conduct electricity. It is an indirect of the ion concentration. The more amount of ions present in the water, the higher the value of conductivity. Impurities such as salts will dissolved in the water and produced charged particles called ions. Ions such as carbonate, chloride, nitrate and sulfate will affect the conductivity value as they can conduct electricity in the water. When salt and other inorganic chemicals dissolve in water, they become electrically charged particles called ions that can increase the water's ability to conduct electricity. From the data and results above, we can assume a water sample with high conductivity value has a large amount of impurities in the water. The large amount of ions present in the water will cause the water to become salinity. Aquatic animals and plants are adapted for a certain

range of salinity. Outside of this range, they will be negatively affected and may die. The highest conductivity value which is 741.7 µS/cm that was shown by the lake water indicates that the lake water has a huge amount of ions presents. This might happen due to salts and other inorganic chemicals that dissolved in the water to produce the charged particles called ions. From this we can assume that the lake water has a low water quality that is not good for aquatic life. Apart from that, the low conductivity values which are 87 µS/cm and 46.3 µS/cm that were shown by drain water and tap water respectively indicates that the drain and tap water has a low amount of impurities in the water. The drain and tap water might have a low levels of salts and other inorganic chemicals. Thus less charged particles are produced. From this we can assume that both drain and tap water has a good water quality and it is suitable for aquatic life.

C) Temperature Analysis for Different Types of Water Sample Sample

1st Replicate (°C)

Lake Water Tap Water Drain Water

27.2 28.6 28.2

2nd Replicate (°C) 27.8 28.2 28.3

3rd Replicate (°C) 27.8 27.8 28.3

Average (°C) 27.6 28.2 28.3

Average Temperature Value °C

Temperature Analysis on Different Types of Water Sample 28.4 28.2 28 27.8 27.6 27.4 27.2 Lake Water

Tap Water

Drain Water

Water Sample

Discussion: From the bar graph of Temperature analysis, the average temperature value for each sample is different due to the different sources of water which are lake water, tap water and drain water. Drain water has the highest average temperature value which is 28.3°C,

followed by the second highest average temperature value of the tap water which is 28.2°C. The lake water has the lowest average temperature value which is 27.6°C. Temperature is a physical parameter that measures of how cold or warm the water is. Temperature affects aquatic organisms in a variety of ways. Most of the aquatic life are adapted to live in a certain range of water temperature and they may die if the temperature becomes too low or too high. Temperature affects the metabolism, reproduction and emergence. Temperature also play a big role in photosynthesis of aquatic plants. From the data and results above, we can assume that a water sample with high temperature value will have less amount of oxygen. This is because the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) will decrease as the temperature increases or become warmer. This will negatively affects the aquatic life. The highest temperature values which are 28.3°C and 28.2°C that were shown by the drain and tap water respectively indicates that the water have a low amount of dissolved oxygen. However, the metabolic rates of aquatic plants increase as the temperature increases, thus increasing in their biochemical oxygen demand. Low dissolved oxygen levels leaves aquatic organisms in a weakened physical state and more susceptible to disease, parasites and other pollutants. Apart from that, the low temperature value which is 27.6°C that was shown by the lake water indicates that the lake water has a good amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. From this we can assume that the lake water is suitable for aquatic life. This is due to low rates of metabolism by the aquatic plants that consume the oxygen. High dissolved oxygen levels will increase the productivity of aquatic organisms in the water.

Conclusion:

To sum up, from the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) experiment, we were able to

determine the data and results from each water sample. Most application of COD determine the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water such as lakes and rivers. The value of COD from tap, drain and lake water are different and we can assume that this is due to the different amount of organic matter that exist in the water. The higher the amount of organic matter presents in the water, the higher the value of COD. Next, from the IN-SITU water analysis experiment, there are 3 parameters that were being observed. The parameters are pH value, conductivity value and temperature for each water sample. In this experiment, we were able to interpret the data and results for each water sample. For the pH analysis, the concentration of hydrogen ions exist in the water will determine the water acidity and alkalinity. From this, we were able to determine whether

the water sample has a good water quality or bad and polluted. We can assume that this might occur to acid rain. Besides, conductivity analysis was also being measured from each water sample in term of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current that might related to an indirect of the ion concentration. The salinity and conductivity of water will increase if the water sample has a large amount of impurities in the water. From this, we were able to determine the amount of ions that present in the water. Next, for the temperature analysis, it is to measure the water condition that is good for aquatic life. The water must have optimum temperature to increase rate of biological activities. From these 2 experiments, we were able to measure the water quality from each parameters that were being observed. This is to ensure that the water has a good quality of water for daily life use. The water sample that is assumed to be polluted and has a low water quality must be treated first before use. Therefore, we have successfully achieved the objective of this experiment. Reference:

1. https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicatorsconductivity#:~:text=Conductivity%20is%20a%20measure%20of,conductivity%20 increases%20as%20salinity%20increases.&text=Conductivity%20is%20also%20a ffected%20by,water%2C%20the%20higher%20the%20conductivity. 2. https://www.cityofvancouver.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/public_works/p age/18517/water_quality_tempph_do.pdf 3. https://www.fondriest.com/news/what-isconductivity.htm#:~:text=Salinity%20and%20conductivity%20measure%20the,wat er's%20ability%20to%20conduct%20electricity. 4. https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/waterquality/water-temperature/ 5. https://www.merckmillipore.com/MY/en/water-purification/learning-

centers/applications/environment-wateranalysis/cod/CLqb.qB.BIMAAAFAZwsQWTdi,nav?ReferrerURL=https%3A%2F%2F www.google.com%2F&bd=1...