Water Balance Lab report PDF

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ReportCourse Animal Phys II - Animal Physiology II virtual 2021Lesson Water Balance LabStudent email [email protected] quickly check your knowledge! Place the following physiological responses in the correct category.Cessation of water intake Decreased AD...

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Animal Phys II - Animal Physiology II virtual 2021

Lesson

Water Balance Lab

Student email [email protected]

Background Now quickly check your knowledge! Place the following physiological responsesinthe corre High plasma osmolarity

L

Cessation of water intake

Water is retained by the body

C

Decreased ADH release

Thirst increases

Decrease in water reabsorption

Increased ADH release

Increased ADH release

Water is ingested

Increase in water reabsorption

Increase in water reabsorption

Thirst decreases Thirst increases Water is ingested Water is excreted by the body Water is retained by the body

 Label the dierent body compartments in the image below.

Extracellular

Wat

Decr

Label the kidney and adrenal gland below to review the major structures. Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Renal artery Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Renal vein Ureter

Knowledge check For a male of average build, what percentage of the total body weight is water? 40% 50% 60%

Which of these statements about loss of water are true and which are false? True The rate at which we sweat is

Nor

Insensible loss of water from the

determined by the need to lose

feces

skin occurs through the sweat

heat (not water) from the body.

mor

glands.

To excrete the waste products of

Normally, loss of water inthe

metabolism, we must produce a

feces each day is about ve times

minimum of 500 mL of urine

more than loss from the lungs.

each day.

Insen skin

The rate at which we sweat is determined by the need to lose heat (not water) from the body. To excrete the waste products of metabolism, we must produce a minimum of 500 mL of urine each day.

Which of these is the most important determinant of the sensation of thirst andthe release (ADH) from the neurohypophysis? Body temperature Circulating blood volume Intake of sodium in the diet Osmolarity of the plasma

Which of these statements about ADHsecretion aretrue and which arefalse? True ADHis released into the blood

ADH is secreted during deep

ADH

Which of following statements about water absorptionaretrue and which are false? True

Rapid gastric emptying allows formorerapid water absorption. Water is absorbed from the

Water is absorbed most rapidly

Wa

fromvery dilute intestinal uid.

intes

Rapid gastric emptying allows

Wate

formorerapid water absorption.

intestine only if ADH is present. Water is absorbed most rapidly fromvery dilute intestinal uid. Water is readily absorbed from the stomach.

Which of these statements about glucose is true? Glucose is excreted by the kidneys whenever the plasma concentration rises above nor Glucose is rapidly removed from the portal circulation by the liver. Glucose is readily absorbed from the stomach. Glucose needs to be digested before it can be absorbed.

Which of these statements about renal function in a healthy young adult aretrue and which True Approximately 100 mL of

The urine can be more or less

Mo

plasma is ltered each minute.

concentrated than the plasma.

excre

Most of the ltered water is

Most of the ltered water is

excreted in the urine unless ADH

reabsorbed secondary to solute

is present.

reabsorption.

Most of the ltered water is

Approximately 100 mL of

reabsorbed secondary to solute

plasma is ltered each minute

Which of these statements about sodium aretrue and which arefalse? True Excess sodium taken in the diet

The volume of the extracellular

Exce

is rapidly (over an hour or so)

compartment is determined by

is ra

excreted in the urine.

its sodium content.

Sweat is a hyperosmotic sodium

Under normal circumstances,

Swea

chloride solution whose rate of

sodium is conned to the

chlo

secretion is determined by the

extracellular compartment.

secr

need to cool the body. The volume of the extracellular compartment is determined by its sodium content. Under normal circumstances, sodium is conned to the extracellular compartment.

Which of these statements about urine osmolarity aretrue and which arefalse? True Urine osmolarity can be

Urine osmolarity can range

Urin

estimated by measuring the

between 50 and 1200 mosmol/L.

the b

urine specic gravity.

Urine osmolarity can be

Urine osmolarity can range

estimated by measuring the

between 50 and 1200 mosmol/L.

urine specic gravity.

Urine osmolarity is lowerwhen the body needs to retain water. Urine osmolarity reaches a minimum when ADH concentrations in the plasma are at their highest.

Ur conce

Protocol 1:Control (Prediction) No change

Protocol 2:Hyposmotic solution (Prediction) dilute urine output, with increased volume and should be lighter in color

Protocol 3:Isosmotic salt solution (Prediction) increased volume and output, not dilute should be concentrated

Protocol 4:Hyperosmotic glucose solution (Prediction) increased volume and out, should be darker in colour as a result of glucose being present in

Check your understanding What is the osmolarity of the uid in the interstitial space of the renal cortex? Is it the same t

What aretwo situations where inhibition of ADH is overridden?For each situation, what isth overriding this inhibition? Situation 1: Over-riding inhibition will allow water to be retained, thus in a state of dehydrat Situation 2: during heart failure, it is possible that low pressure receptors in the heart are ov an increase in the secretion of ADH

What would happen if your water intake over 60 minutes signicantly exceeded the maxima in this period? Why could this be life-threatening? Decrease in osmolarity could cause lysis of a cell; it will swell then burst. In the brain it cann by the skull thus an increase in inter-cranialpressure will result in the pressure pushing the cause a brain hernia. Brain ow becomes inhibited and oxygen can’t be delivered at the rat

How do you think the volunteers'hydration statuses prior to beginning the lab will inuence They should have a normal urine production rate before the lab. however, those who cons before the lab are likely to be more dehydrated, and if they consumed one of the uids the replenish their total body water before excreting any excess uids. as a result they would h and potential delay in the time before ow rate is increased. whereas, an individual in a stat the lab would have consumed water already thus too much uid; initial ow rate would be h lower.

Results Pre-sample information for participants - fasting Protocol Summary

Volunteer's Sex (M/F)

Weight (kg)

Time (min) Since Last Urination

Control: no uids Sample

Time (min)

Volume (mL)

Flow (mL/min)

Sp

0

0

50

0.67

1.

20 minutes

23

13

0.57

1.

40 minutes

46

14

0.61

1.

60 min

62

15

0.58

1.

80 min

84

20

0.72

1.

100 min

100

14

0.61

1.

120 min

122

13

0.57

1.

Hyposmotic solution: distilled water Sample

Time (min)

Volume (mL)

Flow (mL/min)

Sp

0 min

0

68

1.26

1.

20 min

23

86

2.0

1.

40 min

44

246

7.94

1.

60 min

65

136

6.48

1.

80 min

86

84

4.0

1.

100 min

110

45

1.88

1.

120 min

125

40

1.76

1.

Isosmotic solution: tomato juice Sample

Time (min)

Volume (mL)

Flow (mL/min)

Sp

0 min

0

64

0.88

1.

20 min

24

13

0.54

1.

40 min

45

14

0.45

1.

60 min

67

15

0.47

1.

80 min

82

20

0.8

1.

Urine ow rate (ml/min) Time

Control

Hyposmotic Solution

Isosmotic Solution

0

0.67

1.26

0.88

20

0.57

2.0

0.54

40

0.61

7.94

0.45

60

0.58

6.48

0.47

80

0.72

4.0

0.8

100

0.61

1.88

0.82

120

0.57

1.76

0.69

Complete the graph by adding a title and labeling the axes.

Recall how no absorption of water occurs from the stomach. Select Annotate and indicate t below: Draw blue arrows to show the direction of water movement when eachuid rst arriv Draw red arrows to show the absorption of glucose from the hyperosmotic solution.

Can you explain why the onset of increased urine production might be delayed after drinkin solutioncompared withthe hyposmotic solution? 1. Delayed gastric emptying: no water absorption occurs from the stomach. a hypersomoti and slow the rate of delivery to the intestine compared to the water-only drink. 2. Osmotic gradient: as the hyper osmotic solution is being delivered to the intestine water extracellular compartment and into the lumen of the gut. 3. Insulin dependant glucose uptake in cells: when glucose has been absorbed from the gut water will follow suit. the glucose will pass into the portal circulation to the liver where 1/3 i removed water is left to be excreted in the urine.

Categorize the following physiological responses to drinking an isosmotic (salt) solution vers

Considering the normal physiological responses that occur(see the question above), can you the results with the isosmoticsolution compared with the hyposmotic solution? The increased sodium chloride stimulated excretion of sodium, which thus makes the urine the hyposmotic urine will be dilute and lighter.

Urine osmolarity – Analysis Urine specic gravity Time

Control

Hyposmotic Solution

Isosmotic Solution

0

1.032

1.031

1.028

20

1.033

1.022

1.026

40

1.032

1.005

1.024

60

1.031

1.003

1.028

80

1.030

1.009

1.028

100

1.032

1.016

1.027

120

1.031

1.025

1.029

Complete the graph by adding a title and labeling the axes.

The graph below shows a scatter plot of your results. It shows the relationship betweenurine ow andspecic gravity.Complete the graph by adding a title and labeling the axes.

Control

Hyposomotic

Isosmotic

Hyperosmotic

Examine the graph above.Can you describe the relationshipbetween urine ow rate and sp specic gravity is the measure of the urinary solute concentrations. the excretion of solute remain constant during the lab, so when the rate of water excretion rises, and the urinray s thus, the specic gravity will decrease as the ow rate increases. urine ow rate is thus inve specic gravity.

During a normal water diuresis, what relationship would be expected between urine ow ra As the ow rate increases, the specicgravitywill fall and can become as low as 1.003–1 As the ow rate increases, the specicgravitywill remain constant.

Protocol 3:Isosmotic salt solution (Result) increased volume and output, not dilute should be concentrated

Protocol 4:Hyperosmotic glucose solution(Result) increased volume and out, should be darker in colour as a result of glucose being present in

Challenge Label the image below which shows the handling of sodium and water by a corticomedullary Note: ADH refers to the antidiuretic hormone.

1/6of water is reabsorbed due to steep sodium gradient

2/3 of water is reabsorbed, coupled with

1/12–1/6of water

sodium

is reabsorbed if ADH present Only sodium is reabsorbed from Only sodium is

the ltrate

Reection notebook:

Popup - Protocols Protocols Each member of the lab group performed one of the following protocols: Protocol Summary

What they did

1. Control

Drink nothing during this lab.

2. Hyposmotic solution

Drink distilled water or noncaeinated diet soft drink (for exam doesnot containmonosaccharides, so its eect is comparable

3. Isosmotic sodium

Drink either isosmotic NaCl solution or a avored solution with

chloridesolution

sodium concentration as human extracellular uid (for examp Juice which contains 139 mmol/L of sodium).

4. Hyperosmotic glucose solution

Drink either hyperosmotic glucose solution or a noncaeinate example,regular Sprite™; the original formulation contains ap carbohydrate)....