Week 2, L2, Notes- The European Maritime Empires PDF

Preview

Summary

Notes for lecture Week 2, L2, Notes- The European Maritime Empires...

Description

European Maritime Empires

-

Early modern period Discovery of America Encounters with Asia Uniqueness of European expansion Globalisation?

Early modern Europe

- Renaissance • Rebirth of classical antiquity. - Reformation • Split of Christendom, rise of Greek christianity - Technological inventions • Coming from Europe rather than Asia. - Political innovation • States, and states relations. >Renaissance and reformation

- Rediscovery of classical Antiquity • Arts, Architecture, Political thought, philosophy (Plato, Aristotle- World outside of religion) - Reformation • End of Christendom- prolonged, religious war - Political revolution • Citizenship, liberty, individualism • Feudal class • Beaugoise rise, commercial- capital >Technological innovations

- Machine printing/ Guthenbergs printing press, unlimited spheres of communication • This meant large print, quick, low cost spread of ideas, no more scribes/ did not need the educated classes to do this job, this brought the costs down.

- Maritime innovations, navigational techniques • Development of compass, astronomy, longer voyages, new sail - Developed innovation from other civilisations • Gun power, China • Paper made in China - Mathematics came from the Islamic State. Discovery of America

- Columbus to west indies- 1492 • Attempting to get to India by going westwards to prove that the earth was round - Vasco de Gama- first european sea voyage to India 1498 - Treaty of Tordesilla (1493)- spheres of exclusive influence for spain in the west and Portugal in the east. • Brazil included into Portuguese sphere by mistake, that's why Brazil speaks Portuguese. > Colonisation of America

- Experience of reconquista applied to America • Spain 8C>> was under muslim rule, after spain wanted to reclaim muslim land to 15C. - Locals seen as 'wild people'.

- American expansion of Christian Europe- no continuity in indigenous tradition. - Directly governed by Spain and Portuguese crown. - Colonisation was a economic burden but slightly profitably- balance difficult to establish. • What they spent concussing did not necessarily make a profit - Impact on locals- new disease, social and political structures from 50 million people in 1492 to 5 million in the 18th. • Small Pox from Europe was given to America • Sypholis from US given to Europe - At the time the had little understanding about these diseases. Asian Encounters

- Port was maritime and committal minimal bases- profits main aim. • In Asia Europe was one of many - No european power tried to colonise china • All power at sea. • Otomoan most powerful empire in the world in the 16C - Powerful Asian states, Europeans their clients new arrivals into existing trade networks. - Involved in Local conflicts as allies or enemies • Europe not superior to Asian powers. - Competition between european states. The Dutch Commercial Empire

-

Commercial classes most powerful in republican Netherlands. Leading protestant power in Europe. Dutch struggle for independences from the Hausburgs dynasty. From 16thC direct trade with Asia through private merchant companies Alliance with local muslims in exchange for trade rights (Java, Spice Islands). Client relations to established Asian rules. Promotion of freedom of the seas fuelling completion and conflict. Dutch wanted free seas/ free trade. Rivalry drove European expansion

The English and the French

- India as the main focus of rivalry between France and England in 17thC and 18thC. - Fortefied again each other • Establishing more permanent posts - Acted like local vassal indian rulers within the framework of mogul Empire. - Eventually grew in power as the mogul empire declined. - Colonisation of N.America on less centralised than Spanish and more independent. - By 19thC Britain took over India. • England's expansion was achieved by private trading companies - Trading networks • Tobacco (America, ST)/ Sugar Cane Russia

-

Orthodox Kingdom in Europe Territorial Expansion from 15thC Biggest land empire by 18th Key power in European order by 19thC Crimea Too what extent is it in Europe? Peter the Great, Secular

Conclusion

-

Europe acted in completion and conflict (creates innovation) with each other. Emergence of maritime empires through new naval and military technology Expansion of existing and creation of new spheres of interaction Subordinate to local rules in Asia, masters in Americans Globalisation? • Trade • Local economies dominated...