Week #5 - Attachment Theory, Conception and Fertility Issues PDF

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Chapter 5 - Attachment Theory, Conception and Fertility Issus. ...

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Week #5 - Attachment Theory, Conception and Fertility Issues. -

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Infancy is the period during which the parents and children experience more physical closeness than any other time in the development. Proximity is pleasurable on both ends. Mother or father usually has to carry out other duties while simultaneously caring for a baby. Keeping babies close by helps parents protect babies from harm. Proximity contributes to the development of strong emotional bonds between infants and caregivers. Physical closeness provides parents with the chance to comfort and chow affection to infants. It also allows interaction exchanging such as smiles, frowns or silly faces.

Theories of Social and Personality Development. Psychoanalytic Perspectives. -

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Infants get satisfaction through the mouth. Oral stage - birth to age 2 Freud believed that the weaning process should be managed in a way that infants need to suck is neither frustrated or over satisfied. Fixation - Oral behaviours such as nail-biting and swearing. Freud also believed that the mother and child behave like one. Infants did not understand themselves as separate from their mother. Result of gratifying and a balanced weaning process. Erickson proposed that during the first two years the infant learns to trust the world around them. Trust vs Mistrust. Eg - Infant monkeys were separated from their mother at birth. Placed two different kinds of surrogate mothers in the cages. The monkeys received all their feeding from a wire mother with a bottle attached. Other mother was covered in soft material (terrycloth). Researchers found that monkeys were mostly attached to the wired mother. Most of the time they cuddled up to the clothed mother and ran to them for comfort whenever they stressed out or frightened. Infants' social relationships are not only based on nursing or the weaning process.

Phase #1 -

Phase #2 - 3 to 6

Phase #3 - 6 to 24

Phase #4 - 24 Months

Birth to 3 Months.

Months.

Months.

and On.

Non Focused orienting and signalling.

Focus on one or more figures.

Secure base behaviour.

Internal Model

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Babies exhibit proximity promoting actions that signal their needs and draw the attention of others.

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Crying, making eye contact and cuddling and responding to the caregiving efforts of being soothed.

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Babies direct their “come here” signals to fewer people. Those they spend the most time with. Less responsive to strangers. Attachment becomes more focused on one figure (primary caregiver). Baby learns to distinguish familiar people and unfamiliar people.

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True attachment emerges.

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Babies follow and cling to caregivers aka safe bases. Especially when feeling anxious, injured or have physical needs. “Proximity seeking” behaviours.

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Specific develop with increased locomotor skills, babies activity seek contact with regular caregivers such as mother and father.

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A goaldirected partnership is formed in which children become aware of others' feelings, goals and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.

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An internal model of the attachment relationship allows children older than 2 years to imagine how their actions might affect the bond between caregivers.

Ethological Perspectives -

Claims that all animals and humans have innate predispositions that strongly influence their development.

Attachment Theory - The ability and need for an attachment relationship early in life are the genetic characteristics of all human beings. -

Ethologists view the infants' capacity for forming social relationships as highly resistant to environmental forces such as the quality of parenting. Infants who fail to form a close relationship with a caregiver before the age of 2 are at

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risk for future social and personality problems John Bowlby - Infants create different internal models of their relationships with their parents and other key adults. Models include such elements as the child’s confidence that the attachment figure will be reliable, the child’s expectation of affection. The internal model begins to be formed late in the child’s first year becomes more established through the first 4 to 5 years. By age 5 most children have a clear internal model of the mother, a self-model, and a model of relationships. Once formed the models shape and explain experiences and affect memory and attention. Children notice and remember experiences that fit their models and never miss or forget things that don’t match up. The model affects the child’s behaviour. A child tends to recreate the pattern in which he is familiar with. Having the tendency to recreate the parent and infant relationship in each new relationship continues into adulthood. - Bowlby. Eg, poor communication between adult romantic partners may result from poor communication patterns that developed between one as an individual in their early caregivers.

Attachment Attachment - refers to the affectionate bond between the infant and caregiver. It is the emotional bond between two people. -

Emotional bond in which a person’s sense of security is bound up in the relationship. A child does not need to be biologically related to her parents in order to develop such a relationship. It depends on the quality and quantity of the interactions that take place between infants and parents.

The Parent’s Attachment to the Infant -

Contact between mother and infant isn’t sufficient enough for the formation of a stable long-term bond between them. The bond between child and mother is called Synchrony.

Synchrony - A mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviours shared by a parent and a child. -

Like a conversation. Baby signals for needs by crying and smiling. Responds to being held by quieting down or snuggling. Looks at parents when they look at him and the parents give their own caregiving behaviours.

Mother

Father

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The bond between child and mother is called Synchrony.

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bond to the infant depends more on the development of synchrony.

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A mother spends time in routinely caregiving and talk, smile at the baby more.

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Father spends more time being physical. Roughhousing

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When mothers observe or interact with their child, their bodies release oxytocin, a hormone that is correlated with empathy. The desire for physical closeness with another person who one is affectionate about also physical relaxation.

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Watching and interacting with babies stimulates vasopressin in fathers. A hormone that is linked to constant contact, physical activity, and joint attention to objects.

Signs of positive emotional state - smiling, appear slowly when interacting with mother.

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Babies laugh and wriggle with happiness when interacting with their father.

During the first week of a baby’s life, signs of specialization of parental behaviours emerge. By 6 months infants display distinctive patterns of responding to these mother and father differences.

Mary Ainsworth - Strange Situation -

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Series of introductions, separations and reunions between the child, caregiver and an adult stranger. Done in a specific order Goal - To obtain information about the infants' motivation to be near the caregiver and the degree to which the caregivers' presence provides the infant with security and confidence. Based on how the baby responds. 4 Different ways.

Secure Attachment

Insecure Avoidant Attachment

Insecure Ambivalent

Insecure Disorganized/Disori

Attachment -

Caregiver is a secure base. Explore the environment.

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When the caregiver leaves the room infant may mildly protest, when the caregiver returns these infants reestablish positive interactions.

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Resume playing.

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A pattern of attachment in which an infant separates the parents seeks proximity when stressed and uses the parent as a safe base for exploring.

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Show insecurity by avoiding caregiver. Engage in little interaction with caregiver Often display distress by crying when adult leaves. Usually don’t re-establish contact upon reunion.

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Cling to caregiver. Resist the caregiver by fighting against closeness,per haps pushing or kicking away.

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Do not explore the playroom

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A pattern of attachment in which the infant shows littler exploratory behavior, is greatly upset when separated from the parent, and is not reassured by the parents return or efforts to comfort him or her.

A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids contact with the parent and shows no preference for the parent over other people.

ented Attachment -

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Show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented. Babies appear dazed,confus ed and fearful. Extreme fearfulness around caregiver must be present. A pattern of attachment in which an infant seems confused or apprehensive and shows contradictory behavior, such as moving towards the parent while looking away from him or her.

Why is Secure Attachment Beneficial ? -

Children are able to communicate their needs with behaviours and emotional signs that are clear, direct and easy to read. The way they act and feel seems to match the situation. Key ingredient of secure attachment is contingent responsiveness - being sensitive to the child’s verbal and non verbal cues and responding appropriately.

Conception - Against All Odds.

Ova - Eggs Ovulation - Mature at puberty, about 400 eggs released once in a lifetime. -

The monthly release of a mature egg into the fallopian tube. An egg is propelled by the cilia. Not fertilized, an egg is discharged in the menstrual flow.

Ovum - female reproductive cell. -

Develops in one of 2 ovaries about the 10th day after the beginning of an average woman's regular menstrual cycle. Stimulated by hormones and entered a sudden period of growth. Continues to grow for 3 to 4 days. By the end of the 13th or 14th day of growth, the follicle surrounding the ovum breaks and the ovum is released. Ovum begins to journey down one of the fallopian tubes. Mature ovum survives only 2 to 3 days.

Sperm - Semen -

Sperm with Y chromosome swim faster than sperm with the X chromosome. Approx 300 million sperm in an ejaculation. Only 1 to 1,000 arrive close to the ovum. Sperm are attracted by chemical order by the ova.

Sperm Cell -

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It has 3 parts. Head that contains the chromatin materials, a neck or mid piece that provides energy for movement, and a tail that is responsible for movement. Needs to move from the vagina through the uterus and up the fallopian tube to reach the ovum during the critical period of it’s lifespan.Which is 48 to 72 hours or 2 to 3 days after ejaculation. 300 million sperm are deposited in the vagina during intercourse.

Fertilization -

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The resulting structure is called a zygote. The female carries the X chromosome The male carries the Y/X chromosomes. Only the father can determine the gender of the child - XX combination for a female and XY combination for a male. Only 1 sperm fertilizes the ovum. Within a few hours after fertilization, the zygote begins a process of internal division. First, divides into two cells, then four, eight, sixteen, and so on. Doubling the number with each new division. This process of cell division in the zygote is called segmentation. Slowly moves down the fallopian tubes toward the uterus, where it arrives after about

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three days. By this time, it (zygote) has developed into a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. (blastula)

Implantation - Once blastula attaches itself to the wall. -

Takes 3 to 4 days for the zygote to reach the uterus. Floats freely in the uterus for the next 3 to 4 days. Takes 7 to 8 days from fertilization to implantation. On implantation, the structure is called embryo until 5 to 8 weeks when it begins to be referred to as fetus. Implantation bleeding (mistaken as menstrual period) results from capillary rupture on implantation. If implantation doesn’t occur, the blastula will be flushed from the mother’s body during her next menstrual period. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortions(resembles a heavy period with cramping). Miscarriages are more common in blastulas that have abnormalities. Approx. 50% of blastulas are miscarried. Often without the woman being aware that she is pregnant.

What are the causes of infertility? Major fertility problems among men. -

Low sperm count Deformed sperm Low sperm mobility Infectious diseases Direct trauma to tests

Causes - Genetic factors, environmental poisons, diabetes, STD’s, overheating tests, pressure testes, aging and effects of drugs.

Major fertility problems among women -

Failure to ovulate Infections Endometriosis Barriers or disorder in passageways Eg. Fallopian tubes

Causes -

Irregular ovulation or lack of ovulation caused by hormone irregularities, stress and

malnutrition.

How are couples helped to have children? Artificial insemination -

Sperm injected into the mother’s uterus

In Vitro Fertilization -

Ova and sperm are fertilized, then implanted into the mother's uterus.

Donor IVF -

Ovum harvested from donor women; fertilized in vitro and implanted in the recipient's uterus.

Surrogate Mothers -

Surrogate “substitutes” bring babies to term for another women

Adoption -

Option chosen by singles and infertile couples....