Week 5: Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception (Lectures 12, 13, 14 & 15) PDF

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Notes on slides presented in class and important information shared in class. Notes on lectures of all of chapter 5: sensation and perception. Lectures 12-15....

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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception Lecture 12: 10/4/21 → Exam 1 Lecture 13: 10/6/21 ● Sensation: stimulation of sense ● Transduction:converting outside world into neural impulses ● Absolute THreshold: ○ Below threshold example: subliminal messages ● Just noticeable difference: changes in stimuli intensityb ● Perception: process interpreting, organizing and experiencing sensation ○ Bottom-up processing: effortful, taking in all the information ○ Top-down processing: automatic, using previous experience to perceive ○ Sensory adaptation → constant sensation may not be perceived ■ “Mom, mom, mom, mom” ● Inattentional blindness → sensation without perception ○ Not noticing something happening in the peripheral ○ Video of missing the bear while counting basketball passes ● Muller-Lyer Illusion ○ Context in which the information is presented impacts our perception ○ Architecture examples ○ Ames Room how people look taller because of how room is constructed ● Frequency: sumber of waves that pass a given point in a given time period ○ Expressed in hertz, or cycles per second ● Differing wavelengths/frequencies ● Visible spectrum: light visible to humans is small portion of time ○ Electromagnetic spectrum: all electromagnetic radiation ○ Different wavelengths of light are associated with our perception of different colors ● Frequency of a sound wave is associated with our perception of that sound’s pitch ○ Measured hertz→ cycles per second ○ High frequency waves = high pitch ● Loudness (amplitude) is measured in decibels

● ● Eyes take in vast amounts of sensory information ● Helps us understand the world around us ● Parts of the eye ○ Cornea: Outer part of the eye (protective dome thats it!) ■ No oxygen from body, from the outside world ■ Heals very quickly ○ Iris: muscle (colored part), controls the size of the pupil ■ Restricts amount of light let it ○ Puil: “Hallway in which the light goes through” ○ Lens: Focuses and inverts the image ○ Retina: where transduction occurs ○ Fovea: contains rods and cones ○ Optic Nerve: where visual information leaves the eye ● Photoreceptors: transduce light into neural signals ● Rods (green): movement, low light peripheral ○ Detect motion (see in grayscale, insensitive to red light) ● Cones (blue): detailed color vision; 3 types ○ Small, medium and large cones

Lecture 14: 10/8/21 ● Thalamus processes vision and ships it to the occipital lobe ● Theories of color vision

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○ Trichromatic theory of color vision - red, green and blue combine to produce all colors on vision spectrum ■ Everything we see visually is a mix of these three colored cones ○ Opponent Process theory of color vision: cones are linked in opposing pairs ■ Colors inhibited ■ Think: Staring at one picture for a long time and image is opposite when looking at a white screen ● Staring at photo = one color is firing continuously and is exhausted, when not looking at the photo the pair color starts firing ○ Depth Perception and 3D vision ■ Retinal image is 2D ■ Experience a 3D world ■ Depth perception: ability to perceive 3D relationship ■ Binocular depth cues: use 2 eyes ● Binocular disparity: each eye gets difference image ■ Monocular depth cues: Use 1 eye ● Linear perspective: Perceive depth in 2D figure with straight converging lines ● Others Are in the Gestalt section Questions ○ What part of the eye is responsible for transduction? → Retina ○ What would happen if you did not have rods? → You would struggle to detect movement, your peripheral vision would decrease Hearing ○ Ear is divided into outer (pinna, auditory canal, and tympanic membrane), middle (ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes) and inner (cochlea and and basilar membrane) ○ Hair cells in basilar membrane are modified dendrites ○ Auditory nerve → thalamus → ○ Localizing sound involves both monaural and binaural cues ■ Interaural level difference ■ Interaural timing different ● Goes to the ear the sound is closest to it and goes to the other ear after Deafness ○ Congenital deafness ○ Environmental factors can lead to conductive hearing loss Taste

○ 4 types of taste receptors: sweet, salty, sour, and bitter ■ Taste buds are groupings of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the taste bud’s central pore ■ COmposed of several individual taste receptors cells that transmit information to neres ■ This micrograph shows a close-up view of the tongue’s surface ● Smell ○ Olfactory receptors are hair-like parts that extent from olfactory bulb into mucous membrane of nasal cavity ○ Olfactory bulb: a bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe where olfactory nerves begin ○ Many species respond to chemical messages, known as pheromones, sent by another individual ● Touch ○ Meissner’s corpuscles respond to pressure and lower frequency vibrations ○ Pacinian corpuscles detect transient (temporary) pressure and higher frequency vibrations ○ Merkel’s disks respond to light pressure ○ Ruffini corpuscles detect stretch

Lecture 15: 10/11 ● Gestalt Psychology and depth ○ Brain creates a perception that is more than simply sun of available sensory inputs ○ Numerous perceptual principles ■ Figure ground-relationship: What we think is the background influences what we see in the image ● Faces v vase ■ Proximity: suggests that you see one block of dots or three columns ● Group together to group them together as a cohesive whole ■ Similarity: Group things together that are similar ■ Good Continuation: want to perceive lines in the world as continuous ■ Closure: idea that we see objects with partial information. View partial visual scene where we fill in the gaps so we can perceive the entire image ● Circle/square with holes in it...