what is achieved and ascribed status and status role in society as well? PDF

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STATUS SET, ASCRIBED STATUS, ACHIEVED STATUS AND ROLE SET

ASSIGNMENT # 1 …... SEMESTER SPRING 2021 Submission Date (MAY 26th 2021) BY NAME

ROLL NO.

AYESHA RASHID

20011504-027

Course code SOC_101 (Introduction to Sociology-I) Degree Programme BS (HONS) Submitted To Mam Maryam Zaheer Department of Islamic studies

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT

Status •

Status is a term that is used often in sociology.

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In every society, people build their everyday lives using the idea of status.

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It is a social position that a person holds. (Macionis, 2012).

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It is part of our social identity and helps to define our relationship to others.

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It describes the position that an individual holds in a group or that a group holds in a society.

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Sometimes it plays an important role in a society. Sometimes friendship is bounded to happen between people of the same status.

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Individuals usually hold multiple statuses at any given time. Each can refer to one's position, or role, within a social system

Examples of status Father, Mother, Son, Daughter, Sister, Brother, Teacher, Student, Doctor, Pilot, and employer.

Status Set Status set refers to all the statuses a person holds at a given time. Examples 1. A teenage boy is a son to his parents, a brother to his sisters, a student at his school, and a batsman on his cricket team. Status sets change over the life course. Joining an organization or finding a job enlarges our status set withdrawing from activities makes it smaller. Over a lifetime, people gain and lose dozens of statuses. 2. A man is Grand Father, Father, Brother, Brother-in-law, Son, Son in law and Husband at same time as well as a woman is Grand Mother, Mother, Daughter, Daughter in law, Sister, Sister-in-law and Wife at same time. 3. A single man at given time can be a boss, friend, employ, peer, sports participant and businessman. 4. At a given time a woman can be Wife, Mother, Professor, Researcher, Friend, colleague, householder. 5. A student attend classes, pass exams, hold part-time job, take part in supports and other activities, attend parties, and make friend. 6. A Neighbour, Male, Medical Doctor, Good Citizen. 7. A Young Female, Rock Band Guitarist, University Student, Basketball Player, Readers club member and Member of debating society.

ASCRIBED AND ACHIEVED STATUS

Ascribed status •

In society means a status which is not achieved on the basis of merit or skills. It is something which you are assigned by birth.

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Many of the statuses which are assigned by birth are due to sex, caste or age in many of the countries.

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In practice some type of ascribe status can be changed and are partially under your control.

Examples 1. A person who has passed his army exam has achieved a designation. But his child comes under ascribed status because if something bad happens with their father, they can directly join the army without passing an exam. 2. Nationality is considered ascribed status but people can change their nationality by immigration.

3. Suppose an actor child has ascribed a status of being an upcoming superstar. He/ She does not need to work hard just like their parents. This kind of status lessens the amount of hard work sometimes. But as it is said that every aspect has its own pros and cons. From the above example, it can only be understood that an active child always gets to hear that whatever you are today is because of your parents. Their hard work in acting or even if they have tried living like a commoner in the film industry will never get appreciated by other people. It could be one of the reasons for demotivation among star kids. Some countries like India are driven by caste factor. Due to the assigned position of being a Brahmin boy/girl you are forced to marry someone of that caste only. The struggle to marry someone of their own choice can be seen as a rebellious act in India whereas in other countries it is a normal thing. 4. Gender Sex is also a factor which designs most of the set standard anywhere. No matter whatever is the situation, two dialogues which can be heard every now and then, you are not allowed to roam outside after 8 o clock because you are a girl. Listen, you cannot cry, after all, you are a boy. This kind of messages which is feed into a child’s brain, slowly become their thoughts until acculturation process is done for being able to see the world differently. 5. A king’s first son will be the next heir no matter what. It is neither done on merit level nor the choice is made by the prince whether Your birth he truly wants to be king or not.

6. Age: You hold the status of teenager or young adult, for example, because of your age. 7. Birth Order: Ahmed was born into a wealthy family, he was born a prince, and he was born a male. Ahmed was also the first-born child. Ahmed did not choose to be a male any more than he chose to be a prince. 8. Caste: Each caste system works differently, generally everyone is born into a specific caste and the caste of the parents generally determines the status of their children, regardless of ability or merit. 9. Ethnicity: It is social class of our parents we didn’t choose or achieve this status.

10. Family: When a child born, he/she is automatically son /daughter or grandson/granddaughter. 11. Gender: A person is male or female by birth. 12. Social Class at Birth: A person born into a wealthy family has a high status based solely on the social networks and economic advantages that one gains from being born into a family with more resources than others. 13. Health Problem: Some Children’s by birth have some health issues such as: •

Anophthalmia / Microphthalmia.

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Anotia/Microtia.

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Cleft Lip / Cleft Palate.

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Congenital Heart Defects. Atrial Septal Defect. Atrioventricular Septal Defect. Coarctation of the Aorta. D-Transposition of the Great Arteries. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. ...

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Craniosynostosis.

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Diaphragmatic Hernia.

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Down Syndrome.

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Oesophageal Atresia.

14. Inherited Titles: Pakistan, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, Japan, Thailand, Tonga, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Jordan, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, Lesotho, Eswatini, and the Commonwealth realms. Somehow, these titles show our identity too. 15. Physical Appearance: Physical appearance is also ascribed. We can recognize people by physical appearance as he/she is Pakistani, Japanese, Chinese, etc.

16. Religion: If a person's family identifies with a particular religion, be it Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, etc., generally that person may be presumed to adopt the same religion as their biological or adopted parents. 17. Ancestry: By birth we have ancestors such as grandmother and grandfather. 18. Birth Place: •

No one can achieve or decide his/her birth place.

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So, our birth place is also ascribed status.

19. Eye Colour: •

Eye colour is in our genes.

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No one have control over it.

20. Family Role: Son, daughter, aunt, uncle, sister, brother etc 21. Hair texture and Colour: People have straight, curly, wavy, perm hair and in different colours such as

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brown, black, grey, golden etc. •

We can dye them and change their texture temporarily.

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The new grown hair will be of previous and original colour and texture.

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So, it is also ascribed.

22. Height: •

Fatima’s height is 5’6 feet and Noor’s height are 5’0 feet.

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No one has personal role in the growth of their height because these are the traits that someone born with.

23. Nationality: Nationality is ascribed by birth but later someone can have more than one nationality as per achievement or moving to another country. 24. Race/Caste: One cannot change one’s caste or race by his or her choice. He/she will be known of the same caste that someone born with. 25. Relationship status Paternal aunt, maternal aunt, sister, brother, cousin etc.

Achieved Status •

The achieved status is based on the personal ability, education, earned wealth etc. A person who is able to display his ability in the field of social service, sports, education etc. is given higher and better status.

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A man’s status can be broadly determined by many factors. Caste, creed, sex, position in any institution is some of the factors which determine the status of a man.

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Status of a man is a temporary thing. It can be changed according to the situation. As the name says achieved, it means a person had worked hard to achieve a status in a society. Position in any institution is an example of Achieved status. If he gets promoted to a new level, his status is changed in the society.

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Achieved status is something which a person has earned on the basis of his/her abilities and skills, whereas ascribed status is something which is not earned on the basis of merit. Rather it is assigned to a person beforehand due to circumstances.

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Achieved statuses in the Pakistan include honour of student (1st position holder)

Examples 1. Police officer 2. Wicket Keeper of Pakistan Cricket Team 3. Nurse 4. Software engineer 5. Pilot 6. Civil servant 7. Hobbies 8. Debating society member 9. A writer

10. Relationship status Husband and wife. 11. Income and wealth Income and stored wealth. It is common for individuals to signal wealth with products that people recognize to be expensive. Wealth can also be countersignalled. For example, an individual who doesn’t mention they took a first-class flight and stayed in an expensive hotel when they describe a trip because they view such talk as low class. 12. Altruism Being a good person who demonstrates concern for people and the environment. In some cases, acts of altruism are motivated by a desire for social status as opposed to the desire to help out. 13. Authority Formal control of resources, strategy, rules and recognitions such as a politician or chief executive officer. 14. Influence Influence over resources, organization and thought. For example, an academic who has redefined how people think about an important topic.

15. Cultural capital Cultural capital is the ability to influence within a particular culture such as sailor who can immediately gain the respect of other sailors within a short conversation due to their overwhelming sailing experience and ability to build rapport. 16. Position A position is a society, culture, religion or organization. 17. Profession Practicing a respected profession such as doctor. 18. Membership •

Earned membership in societies, culture and organizations.

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For example, an individual who work for prestigious firm.

19. Popularity •

Friend and other social connection such as family.

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For example, an individual who is well known and generally liked in a community.

20. Fame •

Being widely known by many people.

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Such as athlete who is a household name.

21. Intelligence •

Being perceived as intelligent.

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Actual intelligence can differ greatly from perceived intelligence.

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For example, an extremely intelligent individual may put not effort into trying to appear intelligent individuals may put much effort into appearances.

22. Coolness •

The ability to impress others 3within the context of culture, subculture or super culture.

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For example, a street fashion enthusiast who is perceived as fashionable by another street fashion enthusiasts.

23. Accomplishment •

Accomplishment that earns respect.

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For example, an athlete who represents their country in the Olympics.

24. Recognition Official recognition of accomplishments such as winning an Olympics medal.

25. Education Educational accomplishment such as degree from a well-known university. 26. Family Family related achieved status such as being viewed as a good father. 27. Social skill Demonstrations of social skills such as individual who is always making people laugh and feel comfortable. 28. Character •

Element of your character that earn respect from others such as a person who is viewed as honest, diligent and hardworking by their peers.

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This status can also be negative such as an individual who is perceived as narcissistic by peers.

Negative Achieved Status Examples •

Criminal

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Drug addict

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Robbery

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Gambling

Comparison of Ascribed and Achieved Status

ACHIEVED STATUS

ASCRIBED STATUS

• 1. The gift from the society of the individual members and to make know the effort to get it. • 2. Generally it is based on age, race, caste, kinship, etc. • 3. This is more stable and more rigid. Its basis does not change easily. • 4. It occupies a place of respect in a traditional society. • 5. In regard to the ascribed status the role of the authority and actions that flow from them are unpredictable. • 6. There is a co-relationship between the status and role. • 7. It has a, vital relationship with the internal aspects of the personality. It provides satisfaction to sentiments, emotions and feelings etc. • 8. It can be helpful to a person for achieving certain thing or acquiring the achieved status. • 9. It has greater relationships with the customs, traditions and other existing factors of the society. In other words ascribed status is more traditional. • 10. This is helpful in removing the difficulties and disabilities of the achieved status.

• 1. For an achieved status certain conditions are namely ability, efficiency, economic status etc. are necessary. • 2. It is based on characteristics like capacities and abilities etc. • 3. It has an unstable basis and so it is itself changeable. • 4. In open and modern societies it is achieved status which is given importance because in this respect, it is the personal qualities and achievements that matter. • 5. In regard to achieved status the role or the action is more or less predictable because it is reason based. • 6. In relevance to the achieved status it cannot be said that there shall be corelationship between the achieved status and the role. • 7. This is the gift of one’s personal accomplishments and personal characteristics. • 8. It is helpful in acquiring the ascribed status. • 9. This is the result of the personal accomplishments and is acquired as result of competition. • 10. It has no relationship with the customs and traditions

Role •

Role is behaviour expected of someone who holds a particular status.

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A person holds a status and performs a role (Linton, 1937b).

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For example, holding the status of student leads you to perform the role of attending classes and completing assignments.

Role set •

Robert K Merton introduced the term role set to identify number of roles attached to a single status.

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A role set is a situation where a single status has more than one role attached to it. According to Linton a person holds a status and performs a role.

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Roles do not exist by themselves in isolation from one another; each role has its complementary or associated role or roles.

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Any given social status involves an individual actor in a number of social relationships that are always or usually found to be necessary for persons in that particular status.

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The various social statues in a society may require common associated roles that continually bring functionally different statuses together.

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In such an overlapping of associated roles people who have different positions in a society may often meet and interact in a manner that promotes social integration.

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It is generally assumed that there is one fairly clearly defined role appropriate to each social position, but the facts of social reality are much more complex. There are, indeed, frequently many roles related to any one social position.

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For any social position there is what Merton (1957) calls “a complement of rolerelationships in which persons are involved by virtue of occupying a particular social status”.

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This means that each status carries with it a role set consisting of a collection of roles performed in relation to different role partners. Thus, the various roles associated with occupying a particular status when combined is known as role set.

Examples 1. Medical Student He writes, the status of medical student entails not only the role of a student vis-a-vis his teachers, but also an array of other roles relating him diversely to other students, physicians, nurses, social workers, medical technicians, and the like. Similarly, the school teacher who by virtue of his position has roles to play vis-a-vis his pupils, his

colleagues, his head master, parents, members of the school board, professional associations and so forth.

2. Role set of a woman Sports authority, dietitian, businesswoman, caregiver, doctor, Mom, kitchen queen, pretty mom. 3. Role set of a man: Father, husband, army officer and guardian of whole family 4. A young girl role set Student, friend, sister, daughter, society member and readers club member. 5. Professor’s role set Student, colleagues, department secretaries, department chair and dean. 6. Role set of a student Attend classes, pass exams, make friend, member of debating society, class fellow, bus fellow, take part in sports, hold part-time job and good citizen. 7. Role set of a person Member of a family, police officer, member of sports club and a neighbour. 8. Role set of a social worker Mother, wife, researcher, author, tourist and teacher....