Why are X rays more potent mutagens than UV radiation PDF

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Why are X rays more potent mutagens than UV radiation?

Xrays have shorter wavelengths and higher energy than UV radiation which makes it easier to penetrate.

What is meant by conditional mutation?

Mutation that affect the phenotype only under a defined set of conditions , especially temperature. Ex: Temperature sensitive mutants How do we know that mutations occur spontaneously?

By fluctuation test and replica plating test. Spontaneous mutation occurs from abnormalities in a biological process. And it caused mostly by errors in DNA replication. Describe a tautomeric shift and how it may lead to a mutation.

Spontaneous rearrangement to alternative from Keto Enol (G & T) Amino Imino (A & C) Purines bind to pyrimidines (A:C) (G:T) Most mutations in a diploid organism are recessive. Why?

Diploid organism has two copies of each genes and amount of product from one gene sufficient for normal phenotypes...