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Summary

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!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!HPI! !Degree!in!Computer!Science!Engineering!

CO-ORDINATING

MAIN CONNECTORS AND CONJUNCTIONS and

I make the payments and keep the accounts. It is hard for students to work and study at the same time.

but

We left first but we didn’t win the race.

both…and

Both men and women are drafted into the army. The actors were both skilful and engaging through their performance. The directors wanted both to win and to receive recognition for their work.

or

He can’t read or write.

either…or

Many politicians desire both money and power. Our dream is both to earn more money and to work less.

neither…nor

He can neither read nor write. Neither Sarah nor her husband mentioned anything about moving out.

not only…but also

Not only men but also women were chosen. They not only argued but yelled at each other as well.

If

If the fog gets thicker the plane will be diverted. If she resigned she would be offered a bonus payment. If he had been found earlier (or Had he been found earlier) they would have saved his life.

unless

Do not disturb the manager unless you get a call from the president.

in case of

In case of fire, dial the emergency number as soon as possible.

on condition that

The beakers may be borrowed on condition that they are returned before the lab is closed.

as long as

You can stay as long as you don’t mind sleeping on the sofa.

providing (that) provided (that)

You are allowed to stay provided/providing (that) you leave no mess.

whether

The question is whether they will agree on the subject. Establish a committee to determine whether the proposed funding is appropriate. We must think whether to open a new lab or not.

CONDITION

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CAUSE & REASON

MAIN CONNECTORS AND CONJUNCTIONS because as since

The fuse blew because/as/since they had overloaded the circuit. As/because/since they had overloaded the circuit, the fuse blew and left us in the dark.

due to

The collision was due to the icy conditions.

owing to

The unemployment was high owing to the economic crisis.

because of

They stayed in because of the bad weather.

caused by

The collision was caused by the icy conditions.

the cause of

The cause of the collision was the ice on the road.

the purpose/aim of

The purpose/aim of his visit had been to inspect the equipment.

so

They were a little fat, so they decided to go on a diet.

thus

He overslept and thus, arrived late for the appointment.

hence

English is not his mother tongue, hence his mistakes.

therefore

The delegate has not yet arrived. Therefore, we are postponing the meeting. The delegate has not yet arrived. We are therefore postponing the meeting.

such…that

He spoke for such a long time that the audience began to fall asleep.

so…that

His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep. So terrible was the storm that whole roofs were ripped off.

As a result / consequence

They didn’t meet the deadline. As a result/consequence, the paper wasn’t published.

consequently

They didn’t meet the deadline. Consequently, the paper wasn’t published.

although though even though even if

Although/Even though/Though/Even if you don’t like him you can still be polite.

despite / In spite of

In spite of/Despite his bad reputation, the incumbent candidate won the election.

RESULT

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CONCESSION

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ADDITION

MAIN CONNECTORS AND CONJUNCTIONS

in addition in addition to

For this job you need a degree. In addition, you need some work experience. In addition to working in the lab, she does some admin tasks.

furthermore moreover what’s more

Smartphones are becoming more widespread. Furthermore/Moreover/What’s more they are becoming cheaper.

garden.

in contrast

Everywhere in Europe the metric system is used. In contrast, the US uses a different system.

however

They don’t study much; however they get good grades at school.

on the contrary

Condors are solitary birds. On the contrary, seagulls live in flocks.

yet

They are really expensive; yet people buy them.

still

I know you aren’t rich; still, you could do something to help them.

while

While I sympathize with your point of view, I cannot accept it.

whereas

Whereas there are many good reasons to switch to plan B, we should stick to plan A as long as it is feasible.

in order to so as to / in order not to so as not to

He gave up work in order to/so as to have more time with the children. He was accused of misrepresenting the facts in order not to/so as not to make the scheme seem less feasible.

so that

They wrote the notices in several languages so that foreign tourists could understand them.

after / before as

After/before using the flask, please bring it back. The accident happened as I was driving to work

as soon as

Let me know as soon as you get back home.

no sooner…than

No sooner had he drank his coffee than he began to feel drowsy. No sooner did I arrive at the station than the train came.

hardly…when

The performance had hardly begun when the lights went out. Hardly had the performance begun when the lights went out.

TIME

PURPOSE

CONTRAST

Besides/Apart from doing the cooking I look after the

Besides/apart from

till/until when /whenever

Ask whenever you need it.

while

While they are at school I will do my homework.

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