Yale Psyc 110 Notes PDF

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PSYC1 1 0–TheBr ai n 

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Phineas Gage, Summer 1848 o Metal bar through skull (vertically) in railroad construction accident o “The most efficient, capable man, shrewd businessman” -> “fitful, irreverence, indulging at time in the grossest profanity, manifesting but little deference for his fellows” Self-control, ambition, drive, behavior toward friends and family are extensions of workings of the brain, and can be lost after brain injury Most people believe in dualism o Descartes (1596-1650) o Animals as reflex machines/robots o We have material bodies, but our minds are immaterial and non-physical (2 components: physical brain and nonphysical “mind”) o Argument 1: The creativity and spontaneity of human action o Argument 2: “I think, therefore I am.”  People who are dreaming believe untrue things o Dualism seems right, right?  Language: “my arm” “my leg”  Personality identity: same person after radical bodily changes; many people can occupy a single body (multiple personality disorder)  Demonic possession: something can enter your body, and take it over?  “God is an omnipotent, feeling being that lacks a body”  The survival of the self after the destruction of the body Current view: Dualism is wrong! Mind = Brain. o Problems with dualism – no dualist has never fully, successfully explained how the immaterial soul can interact with the physical body o How can the supposed immaterial mind be influenced by alcohol, a physical substance? o We now have a better understanding of what physical things can do (dualists once posited that to-be-computers could never play chess, but now we know they can) o Strong evidence for the role of the brain in mental life How does the brain work? o Starting point: the neuron o Dendrites are sensors on neurons that get signals from other neurons – either excitatory or inhibitory; when a certain level is reached, a neuron fires: neural impulses sent down the axon to axon terminals, which send chemicals to other dendrites o Neurons  About 86,000,000,000  Sensory neurons (go from the world to the inside of you), motor neurons (muscular movement), interneurons (connect neurons to other neurons)

Neurons fire all-or-nothing; intensity can be expressed through number of neurons firing and/or frequency of firing  Communication over synapses (small empty spaces between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another); axons release neurotransmitters  Excitatory: neurons become more likely to fire  Inhibitory: neurons become less likely to fire  Drugs: agonists (excitatory) vs. antagonists (inhibitory)  Curare is an antagonist on motor neurons (results in an increased resistance to pain)  Alcohol is an antagonist that inhibits parts of the brain that regulate certain behaviors  Amphetamines (speed) are agonists that increase epinephrine levels  Prozac is an agonist that increases serotonin levels (thus decreasing depression) Is the brain wired up like a personal computer (How are neurons wired up to do what they do)? o No, because the brain is highly resistant to damage, extremely fast, and unlike most human-designed computers, the brain works through massively parallel processing What do different parts of the brain do? o You don’t need your brain for everything, including…  Sucking in newborns  Limb flexion in withdrawal from pain  Erection of the penis  Vomiting o Some subcortical structures  Medulla: autonomic functions: heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, vomiting, etc  Cerebellum: complicated skilled motor movements, mental and sensory tasks; automation of many tasks  Hypothalamus: hunger, thirst, sleep, body temperature – regulatory component that performs homeostatic functions o The cerebral cortex – the outer layer  Higher thinking – love, passion, violence, etc – happens here  Sensory map in the somatosensory cortex, motor map in the primary motor cortex  Topographic (corresponds to body location) and ranks importance (e.g., face has a large surface area) Some very bad things that could happen to you and your brain o Apraxia o Agnosia – inability to recognize things 

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 Visual agnosia  Prosopagnosia – inability to recognize faces o Sensory neglect How many minds do you have? o Brain has two hemispheres, left and right, which do different things o Sensory Information sent to opposite hemisphere o Two hemispheres are connected by corpus callosum  If CC is removed (in the case of some people with seizures, to prevent the spread of electric storms across the brain), brain halves can act independently Hard problem of the consciousness, subjectivity, a qualia; this lecture presented a mechanistic conception of mental life, but what about humanist values? Free will and responsibility, intrinsic value, spiritual value?

PSYC1 1 0-Fr e ud 

Si g mu ndFr e u d o So medu mbi d e a s  Ex :p e n i se n v y  Gi r l r e a l i z e ss h ed o e s n ’ th a v eap e n i s ,i n f e r si twa sc a s t r a t e d , t ur n s t of a t h e ra n dr e j e c t smo t h e r o So mei n t e r e s t i n ga n di nflu e n t i a li d e a s  Un c o n s c i o u sr e a s o n sf o rf e e l i n g sa n da c t i o n s  Re j e c t i o no ft h ei d e at h a tp e o p l er e a l l ykn o wwh a tt h e y ’ r ed o i n g ; u n c o n s c i o u sd e s i r e sa n dmo t i v a t i o nst h a tg o v e r na c t i o nsa r eh i dd e n t oy o u  Un c o n s c i o u sd y n a mi c s( c o n fli c t )  Le a d i n gt od r e a ms , s p e e c he r r o r s , j o k e s , ma d n e s s  Ps y c h o a n a l y t i cDi v i s i on so ft h eMi n d  I d–i n s t i n c t u a ld r i v e sp r e s e n ta t b i r t h o Do e sn o td i s t i n g u i s hbe t we e nr e a l i t ya n df a n t a s y o Op e r a t e sa c c o r d i n gt ot h ep l e a s u r ep r i n c i pl e  Eg o–d e v e l o p so u to ft h ei di ni nf a nc y o Un d e r s t a n d sr e a l i t ya n dl o g i c o Me d i a t o rbe t we e ni da n ds u p e r e g o o Op e r a t e sa c c o r d i n gt ot h er e a l i t yp r i n c i p l e  Su p e r e g o o I n t e r na l i z a t i o nofs o c i e t y ’ smo r a l s t a n d a r d s o Re s p o n s i b l ef o rg u i l t  Co n s c i o u smi n di sc o mp o s e dofs o mee g oa n dal i t t l es u p e r e g o , u n c o n s c i o u smi n di sc o mpo s e do fs omee g o , s o mes u p e r e g o , a nda l o tofi d  Ps y c h o s e x u a ls t a g e s

No tp r o gr e s s i n gt h r o u g ha l lt h es t a g e sma yc a u s eo net ob e“ s t u c k ” a ta ne a r l ys t a g e  Or a ls t a g e( b i r t h–1y e a r ) o Mo u t hi sa s s oc i a t e dwi t hs e x u a lpl e a s u r e o We a n i n gac h i l dc a nl e a dt ofix a t i oni fn o th a n dl e dc o r r e c t l y o Fi xa t i onc a nl e a dt oo r a la c t i v i t i e si na d u l t h o od  An a lSt a g e( 1–3y e a r s ) o An u si sa s s oc i a t e dwi t hp l e a s u r e o To i l e t t r a i n i n gc a nl e a dt ofix a t i o ni fn otha n d l e dc o r r e c t l y o Fi xa t i onc a nl e a dt oa n a lr e t e nt i v eo re x p u l s i v eb e h a v i o r si n a d u l t h o o d  Ph a l l i cSt a g e( 3 5y e a r s ) o Fo c u so fp l e a s u r es h i f t st ot h eg e ni t a l s o Oe d i p u so rEl e c t r ac o mp l e xc a no c c u r o Fi xa t i onc a nl e a dt oe x c e s s i v ema s c u l i ni t yi nma l e sa n dt he n e e df o ra t t e nt i o nord o mi n a t i o ni nf e ma l e s  Oe d i p u sCo mp l e x o Bo yi si np h a l l i cs t a g ea n ds e e k ss e x u a lo ut l e t o Mo mi sni c e o Il o v eMo m o Bu tDa di si nt h ewa y o Ki l lDa d ! o Uhoh . Da di sma d o Wo r r i e dDa dwi l lc a s t r a t eh i m o Gi v e su p ,g i v e su pt h i n ki n ga b o uts e xf o rawh i l e  La t e n c ySt a g e( 5–p ub e r t y) o Se x u a l i t yi sr e pr e s s e d  Ge n i t a lSt a g e( p u b e r t yo n) o Se x u a lf e e l i n g sr e e me r g ea nda r eo r i e n t e dt o wa r do t h e r s o He a l t h ya d u l t sfin dp l e a s ur ei nl o v ea n dwo r k , fix a t e da du l t s h a v et h e i re n e r g yt i e du pi ne a r l i e rs t a g e s De f e n s eMe c h a n i s ms  Un c o n s c i o u sme n t a lp r oc e s s e se mpl o y e db yt h ee g ot or e d u c e a n x i e t y  Su b l i ma t i o n–d i s p l a c e me n tt oa c t i v i t i e st h a ta r ev a l ue db ys o c i e t y  Di s p l a c e me n t–r e d i r e c t i o no fs h a me f u lt h o u g h t st omor e a p p r o p r i a t et a r g e t s  Pr o j e c t i o n–r e d uc i n ga n x i e t yb ya t t r i b u t i n gu n a c c e p t a bl ei mp ul s e s t os o me o n ee l s e o Ex :Ih a t ey o u , s oIa s s u mey o uh a t eme .  Ra t i o n a l i z a t i on–r e a s on i n ga wa ya nx i e t y p r o d u c i n gt h o u g h t s o E. g . , “ Ih u r tmyki d sf o rt h e i ro wng oo d , ”r a t h e rt h a nmy e n j o y me n t  Re g r e s s i on–r e t r e a t i n gt oamo d eo fb e h a v i o rc h a r a c t e r i s t i co fa n e a r l i e rs t a g eo fd e v e l op me n t 

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Re a c t i o nf o r ma t i o n–Re p l a c i n gt h r e a t e n i n gwi s h e sa n df a n t a s i e s wi t ht h e i ro p p os i t e s o Ex :Ih a t ey o u , s oIl o v ey o u . o I sh o mo p h o b i aa s s o c i a t e dwi t hh o mos e x u a la r o u s a l ?  Hy s t e r i aa ndi t st r e a t me n t–whe ny o ud e f e ns eme c h a n i s msf a i l  Bl i n d ne s sa n dd e a f n e s s , pa r a l y s i s , t r e mbl i n g , p a n i ca t t a c k s , g a psof me mo r y , e t c .  Th e s es y mpt o msa r eawa yo fk e e p i n ge mo t i o n a l l yc h a r g e d me mo r i e su n d e rl o c ka n dk e y  Fr e u do r i g i n a l l yt r i e dt og e t a tt h e s eme mo r i e st h r o u g hh y p n o s i s , b u tl a t e rmo v e dt of r e ea s s o c i a t i o n( Mo m?Se x !: O)  Pa t i e n t so ffe rr e s i s t a n c e  Fr e u du s e dt h eme t h o d so fps y c h oa n a l y s i st oe x p l o r et h e s ec on fli c t s o Mo r eFr e u d  Dr e a ms  Co u l db ei nt e r p r e t e da sh a v i n gr e p r e s s e d , h i d d e nme a n i n g s  My t ha n dLi t e r a t u r e  Re l i g i o n  Wh e nwes e e ko u tGo d , wes e e kou taf a t h e rfig u r e o I sFr e u d i a nt h e o r ys c i e n c eo rs t o r yt e l l i n g ?  Ka r lPo p pe rwa si nt e r e s t e di nwh a td i s t i n g ui s h e ss c i e n c ef r o me v e r yt h i n g e l s e  Fa l s i fia b i l i t y :Sc i e n t i ficp r e d i c t i o n sn e e dt oma k es t r o n gc l a i ms a b o u tt h ewo r l d , a n dr u nt h er i s ko fb e i n gp r o v e nf a l s e  Co n v e r s a t i on1  Fr e u d :Yo uh a t ey o urmo t he r .  Pa t i e n t :Wo w. Th a tma k e s es e ns e .  Fr e u d :I ’ mr i g h t !  Co n v e r s a t i on2  Fr e u d :Yo uh a t ey o urmo t he r .  Pa t i e n t :NoId o n ’ t !  Fr e u d :Ye sy o ud o , u n c on s c i o u s l y . Yo u rh a t r e di sr e pr e s s e d . I ’ m r i g ht !  Fr e u dd o e sn o tpl a yak e yr o l ei nt hes c i e n t i fice n d e a v o rt h a ti s Ps y c h ol o gy… bu th i sc o r ebe l i e fo ft h ed y n a mi cun c o n s c i o u sd o e sr e l a t et o c e r t a i nc on c e p t si nmo d e r np s y c h o l o g y .  Fr e u dme e t sDa r wi n:Ar et h e r ea d a p t i v ea d v a n t a g e st oha v i n gs o me t ho u g h t su nc o n s c i o u s ?De c e p t i o n !Ho wt obeag o o dl i a r ?Se l f d e c e p t i o n . Theu n c o ns c i o usi nmo d e r np s y c ho l o g y o J o h nt h i n kBi l ll i k e sh i mv s . J o hnt h i n ksBi l ll i k e sh i ms e l f o Ha b i t :d r i v i n g , c h e wi n gg u m, s h oe l a c et y i n g o Li k ea n dd i s l i k e s :Ha z i n g( wh e npe o p l eh a v et odot h i n g st h e yd i s l i k et oj o i nt h e g r o u p, t h e ya p p r e c i a t eb e i n gi nt hegr o upmor e ) , Sub l i mi n a lDe a t hPr i me s( c o u n t t h edo t s …f a s t e rt h a ny o uc a ns e e , wo r d sl i k e“ c o r p s e ”fla s ho nt hes c r e e n . Pe o pl e 

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i nt h i ss i t ua t i o nf e e lmor ex e n op h o b i c , p a t r i o t i c , a n da g gr e s s i v e . Or , f a s ti ma g e so f b l a c kp e o p l ei n c r e a s ea n x i e t y . ) o Li s tt e nt r a i t sa b ou ts o me o n ey o ul o v ev s . l i s tt h r e et r a i t sa b o u ts o me o ney o u l o v e …p e o p l ei nt h ef o r me rg r o u pmo r es oq u e s t i o nwhe t h e rorn o tt he ya c t u a l l y l o v et h e i rp e r s o ni nq u e s t i o n . PSYC1 1 0-Ski nne r 

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Re a d i n gRe s p o n s e# 1 o Pa r t1:Ta k es o mec o n t e mp o r a r ye v e n td e s c r i b ei nt heYa l eDa i l yNe wsa n d e x p l a i ni ti nFr e u d i a nt e r ms( 2 0 0 3 0 0wo r d s ) o Pa r t2:Ta k es o mec o n t e mp o r a r ye v e n td e s c r i b e di nt h eYa l eDa i l yNe wsa nd e x p l a i ni ti nb e h a v i o r i s tt e r ms( 2 0 0 3 0 0wo r d s ) Hy s t e r i aa n di t st r e a t me n t( Fr e u d ) o Fr e udo r i g i na l l yt r i e dt og e t tt h e s eme mor i e st h r o u g hh y p n o s i s , b u tl a t e rmo v e dt o f r e ea s s oc i a t i o n o Pa t i e nt so ffe rr e s i s t a n c e o Fr e udu s e dt h eme t h od so fp s y c h o a n a l y s i st oe x p l o r et h e s ec o n fli c t s Fr e u di a nt he r a p y o Dr e a mst e l ls y mb o l i c , i n di r e c ts t o r i e s Be ha v i or i s m o I n v o l v e st h r e er a d i c a lvi e ws  St r o n ge mph a s i sonl e a r n i n g  Fe wi fa n yi d e a si mp l a n t e dv i an a t ur e  Ta b u l ar a s a  An t i me n t a l i s m  Re a c t i o na r yt ou n f a l s i fia bl eFr e u d i a n i s m–weh a v et ob e s c i e n t i s t s !  Un s c i e n t i fic=d e s i r e s , wi s h e s , g o a l s , b e l i e f s , e mo t i on s , e t c  Sc i e n t i fic=o b s e r v a b l e s :s t i mu l u s ,r e s p o n s e ,e n v i r o n me n t  Nodi ffe r e n c e sa c r o s ss pe c i e s  “ Th eo n l ydi ffe r e n c eb e t we e nab a b yr a ta n daba b yh uma ni so n e ’ s b i g g e r ”  Le a r nt h eb a s i cl a wso fbe h a v i o rb ys t u d y i n ga ni ma l s , a n dt h e n e x t e n dt ho s el a wst oh u ma n s o Thr e el e a r ni n gp r i n c i p l e st oe x p l a i ne v e r y t h i n g  Ha b i t ua t i o n  Ad e c l i nei nt het e n de n c yt or e s p on dt os t i mu l it ha ta r ef a mi l i a rd u e t or e p e a t e de x p o s u r e  E. g . c l o c kt i c ki n g , t r a fficn o i s e , t r a i n s , “ HEY! ”  Ana d a pt i v eme c h a n i s mt ok e e pu sf o c u s i n go nn e wo b j e c t sa n d e v e n t s ;a l l o c a t e sf o c u st one wt h i n g s–t h i n g swo r t ha t t e n d i n gt o  Me t h o do l o g i c a lt o ol–E. g . , wh a tg e t saba b yi n t e r e s t e d ?  Pr e s e n c eo fn e wt h i n g sANDa b s e n c eo fo l dt h i n g s

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Cl a s s i c a lc o n d i t i o ni n g  I v a nPa v l o v o Wh e nt h ee x pe r i me n t e rwa l k e di nt ot h er o o m wi t hab e l l , d o g swo u l ds a l i v a t e o Be f or eCo n d i t i o ni n g :Fo o dUCS>Sa l i v a t i o nUCR o Du r i n gCo n d i t i o n i n g :Be l lNe u t r a l , Nor e s p o n s e ;Be l l+ Foo d>Sa l i v a t i o nCR o Af t e rc o n d i t i o n i n g:Be l lCS>Sa l i v a t i o nCR  Re p e a t e dp a i r i n g so fUSa n dCSwi l lg i v er i s et oaCRr e s p o n s e  Re i n f or c e dt r a i l sv s . u n r e i n f o r c e dt r i a l s  Ex t i n c t i o n :c a u s e db yp r e s e n t i n gt h ec o n d i t i o n e ds t i mu l uswi t h o u t t h eu n c o n d i t i o n e ds t i mul u s  St i mul u sg e n e r a l i z a t i on o Ab e l lwi t has l i g h t l yd i ffe r e n tf r e q ue n c ywo u l ds t i l lma k e Pa v l o v ’ sd o g ss a l i v a t e , b u ts l i g h t l yl e s s o Li t t l eAl b e r t  Ha dh yd r oc e p h a l u s( wa sme n t a l l yr e t a r d e d ;d i e da t a g e7o fs e i z u r e s ;h y d r o c e p h a l u sc on t r i b ut e dt o f e a r l e s s n e s s )  La r g eme t a ls o u nd s( wh i c hc a u s e df e a r )a s s o c i a t e d wi t hpr e s e n t a t i o no ff u r r yr a t  Sh o we ds t i mu l u sg e ne r a l i z a t i o nt of e a r f u l n e s s t o wa r da l lf u r r yt hi n g s  Th es c o p eo fc l a s s i c a lc o n d i t i o n i n g o Cr a b s , fis h, c o c kr o a c h e s , e t c . o Hu ma n s  Fe a r , Hu n g e r , Se x  Sh o eFe t i s ha r g u me n t :Ab o u tt oo r g a s m, a n d t h e ne y e sf a l lo nas h o e …  Wh a ti sc l a s s i c a lc o n d i t i o ni n gf or ? o Se n s i t i v i t yt oac uet h a ta ne v e n ti sa bo u tt oh a p p e na l l o ws y o ut op r e p a r ef o rt h a te v e n t o Op t i ma lt i mi n gb e t we e nCSa n dUCS?CSi mme d i a t e l y b e f o r eUCS( b e l lt h e nf oo d ) o Na t u r eo ft h eCR?Pr e p a r a t i o nf o rt heUS( s a l i v a )  De c a ffe i n a t e dc o ffe ee x a mp l e , d r u go v e r d o s i n ge x a mp l e La wo fEffe c t :t h et e nd e n c yt op e r f o r ma na c t i o n  Ho wt ot r a i nap i g ? o Po s i t i v er e i n f o r c e me n t o Ne g a t i v er e i n f o r c e me n t o Pu n i s h me n t  Ho wt ot r a i nap i gt od a nc e o Sh a p i n g :Gi v et h a tp i gc o mp o s te v e r yt i mei tdo e sa na c t i o n t h a tl e a d su pt oo rl o o ksl i k eda n c i n g  Ho wt ot r a i nap i gt od a nc ef o rp o k e rc h i p s ?

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o Li n ku pt h ec h i p st oa ni n n a t er e wa r d( c o mp o s t )t h r o u g h c l a s s i c a lc o n d i t i o ni n g  Ho wt ot r a i nap i gt od a nc e …f o r e v e r o Sc h e du l e so fr e i n f or c e me n t  Fi x e dv s . Va r i a bl e  Ra t i ov s . I n t e r n a l Be ha v i or i s m:Sc i e n t i fica s s e s s me n t o I si tt r u et h a te v e r y t h i n gi sl e a r n e d ?No , t h e r ei sc o n s i de r a b l ee v i d e n c ef o ri n n a t e ( u n l e a r n e dkn o wl e d g e ) o I si tt r u et h a tt a l ki n ga bo u tme n t a ls t a t e si su n s c i e n t i fic ?No , o t h e rs c i e n c e s( e . g . p h y s i c s )t a l ka b o utun o b s e r v a b l e s o Ra t sma k eme n t a lma p st os o l v ec e r t a i np r o b l e ms o I si tt r u et h a ta ni ma l sn e e dr e i n f o r c e me n ta n dp u n i s h me ntt ol e a r n ?No , t h e yc a n s t i l ll e a r n , t h e y ’ r ej u s t l e s smo t i v a t e d . o He ySki n n e r !Wh yd owet a l kt oo u r s e l v e s , i mi t a t es ou n d s , c r e a t ea r t , g i v eb a d n e wst oa ne n e my , f a n t a s i z ea b o utpl e a s a n ts i t u a t i on s ?Ch o ms kys a y sSki n ne r ’ s r e s p o n s e( “ Re i n f o r c e me n t ! ” )i se mp t y o La wo fEffe c t :Th et e n d e n c yt op e r f o r ma na c t i o ni si nc r e a s e di fr e wa r d e d , we a k e n e di fi ti sn o t Thel e g a c yo fbe h a v i or i s m o Ri c h e run d e r s t a nd i n go fs o mei mp o r t a n tt h i n g s o Buti tu n de r e s t i ma t e st h es c o p ea n dp o we ro fh u ma nme n t a ll i f e

PSYC1 1 0–De v e l o pme nt 

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Bi gQu e s t i on s o Mo r a l i t y  Ar ewei d d o mi n a t e da n dp r i ma r i l yi n s t i n c t d r i v e n,o ra r ewemo r es o “ n o b l es a v a g e s ” ?  Ma n ya d ul t sa r es u b c o ns c i o us l yr a c i s ta n dt h ou ght h e ye x p r e s sb e i n gn ot r a c i s t( l e a r n e d ;n o tr a c i s ta sc h i l dr e n ,i . e . n op e r c e p t i ond i s t i n c t i o nb e t we e n whi t eki d sa n db l a c kki d si ny o u t h ) o Con t i nu i t y  Ho wmu c hc h a n g eh a p p e n s ;h o wd oy oup r e di c th o wp e op l ec h a n g e ?  I ns o mewa y s , t h e“ c h i l di st hef a t h e rt ot h ema n ” o Kn o wl e d g e  Emp i r i c i s m:Mo s te v e r y t hi n gwekn o wi sa c q ui r e dt h r o u g he x p e r i e n c e ( a s s o c i a t e dwi t hSki n n e r , c l a s s i c a lc o n d i t i on i n g , op e r a n tc o n di t i o n i n g )  Na t i v i s m:Bo r nwi t has u b s t a n t i a la mo u n to fi n n a t ekn o wl e d g e( Pl a t o , De s c a r t e s ,No a mCh o ms ky )  Co n s t r u c t i v i s m:Li k ee mp i r i c i s m, e xp e r i e n c ema t t e r s ;Un l i k ee mp i r i c i s m, l e a r ni n gi sar e s u l to fa c t i v ee n g a g e me n ti nt h ewor l d J e a nPi a g e t( f a t h e rofd e v e l o p me n t a lp s y c h ol o g y )

o I n t e r e s t e di nt h ee me r g e n c eofkno wl e d g ei no urs p e c i e s>g e n e t i ce p i s t e mo l o gy >s t u d y i n gc h i l d r e n o “ On t o l o gyr e c a p i t u l...