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Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes

Lecture 1A      

1 st August

Complete ASADA tests 6 compulsory labs to complete to then complete written assignment Bonus assignments week 5/12 (2%) – follow instructions, research projects week 13 (3%) Theory 85% || tennis 15% 12th October group assignment (week 10) noon Course text applied anatomy and biomechanics in sport, physiological tests for elite athletes

Improving Athletic Performance  What are the 4 stages for the improvement of athletic performance?  What methods are used to assess techniques?  What physical characteristics are easy to modify?

What is Talent ID?  Natural occurring ability  One method of ensuring that people with certain natural physical characteristics are matched with a sport for which they have a clear advantage, is through talent identification etc. swimming  Australian Olympic medalsWhy is it used? How does it work? Recent Developments in Sport Why have sporting performances improved over the last 100 years?  Nutrition  Technology  Scientist- feeding athletes better  Facilities  Coach education  Bigger population to choose from  Clothing/equipment What is functional Anatomy?  A field of sport science that relates to the physical capacities od humans and how they affect performance  Body shape

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes  Body composition/proportions  Strength  Fitness  Power/ speed/ flexibility  Agility and balance  Growth and development How can we use our understanding of talent ID and functional anatomy to improve athletic performance? Four stage approach for the improvement of athletic performance 1. Understanding  Understanding of how does structure relates to function  How human morphology or structure provides an advantage or disadvantage for the performance of certain movements which make up a sports performance  Body mass 2. Assessment  We need to be able to measure physical capacities  Understand factors which affect the resulting scores from these tests, the meaning of the variable and their limitations  Body type || body composition (DEXA) || proportionality || flexibility || strength|| power|| speed  Subjective analysis with/out visual aids  Spectator analysis, cause and effect analysis, skill analysis  Objective analysis – measure things so we can see changes 3. Modification  Alter the physical capacities to suit a biomechanically sound technique  Alter the technique to suit the physical capacities  Alter both to arrive at the best combination  Easy to modify (size, strength, fitness, flexibility), difficult (height, body type, body composition, speed, agility), almost impossible (proportions). 4. Outcome  Has the modification been successful or not?  Should we attempt further modification?  Do we need to modify the technique slightly to accommodate this new structure? (Understanding AssessmentModification Outcome)

Lecture 1B- Somatotype What are the 3 components of somatotype?

2 nd August

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes What is the gold standard for determining somatotype? What variables are required to determine ectomorphy? Introduction  Somatotyping is a way of describing human physique  classifying groups  Formed in the last 50 years  Three numeral rating system-always in the same order  Endomorphy (relative fatness)  Mesomorphy (relative muscularity)  Ectomorphy (relative linearity) Primary Germ Layers  Endoderm- digestive system and relative fatness  Mesoderm- skeletal muscle, skeleton muscularity /strength  Ectoderm- CNS, skin and hair

Calculating Somatotypes  Revealed 3 primary components of human morphology  Closed rating scale 1 (not a huge role in physical appearance) -7 dominant feature  Rating made via photoscopic method  Many descriptors Sheldon’s Descriptors Endomorph

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes  Round and soft  Large head and wide face  Short and tapering limbs  Tendency for premature baldness Mesomorph  Square and hard  Long neck, variable head size  Rugged and muscular limb  Sturdy pelvis and broad hips Ectomorph  Linear and fragile  Slight head, long and slender neck  Limbs long in the distal segment  Skin tends to be dry and thin Health and Carter  Gold standard= anthropometry and photoscopic  Rating scale open ended due to extreme physiques  Extreme Endomorph Extreme Endomorph

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes Photoscopic Method

Measurement

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes SF- skin fold G- girth B- brets Statue- height Mass-body weight Somatochart

Important measures for each of the three descriptions Endomorphy  Skin folds  Mass  Statue || height Mesomorphy  Girths  Brets  Mass  Skin folds Ectomorphy  Linearity

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes

Somatochart  Somatotype has 3 components so is best represented in 3D space  Each axis represents a component X= endomorphy Y= mesomorphy Z=ectomorphy Comparing Somatotypes  Mean of a set of somatotypes  Average of each of the components  Etc. mean of 3-4-2 and 1-4-4 = 2-4-3  Distance between 2 somatotypes- how much do two somatotypes differ?  The somatotype attitudinal distance= SAD: is the 3D distance between 2 somatopoints  Scatter of a set of somatotypes- what is the spread?  The somatotype attitudinal mean= SAM: is the average distance between all the somatopoints in a sample from the mean somatopoint

Lecture 9A- Energy Requirements

5 th August

4 macronutrients that contribute to energy (kilojoules/calories)  Protein  Carbs  Fat  Alcohol Energy  Carbs and protein are very similar in energy contribution  Carbohydrates 16kj/g  Protein 17kg/g  Fat 37kj/g  Alcohol 28kj/g Carbohydrate:  Glucose for energy  Store more glycogen as fuel- muscle and liver/water  Fluid loading  Brain function- brain uses glucose as fuel  Immune function- strengthened when eating carbs during training /recovering well  Muscle repair and growth

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes

Carbohydrates

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Men loose weight easier because they have a higher muscle mass than women – higher metabolism (burn greater kilojoules) Everyone has different metabolisms Genetics are another factor for burning calories 60% carbohydrates

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Athletes have a high protein requirements

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Protein

Difference between athlete’s food requirements AFL/WAFL players  Are the athletes getting the correct portions of nutrients required

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes

Gymnast

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Water mass usually holds on for a couple of weeks Fat content is relative to athlete

Cyclist

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Intensity of training sessions vary

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes Comparison of Athletes

Individual Meal Plans for different Athletes AFL Player

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes Gymnast

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Your diet comes down to individuals metabolism Good fats: avocado No one ever follows plans exactly right Flavored milk: it is sugar: however 40-50% calcium for the day including carbohydrates Cyclist

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes  

Protein: crème rice, fruit and yoghurt Modifying body composition- increasing body mass- you don’t generally have to increase protein powder, its increasing carbohydrates AFL Player

Lecture 9B (modifying body comp)

5 th August

Energy – Carbohydrates 16KJ/g – Protein 17 KJ/g – Fat 37KJ/g – 28KJ/g Energy in= Energy out Increasing Muscle Mass Influenced by: – Genetics – Training program – Training history – Dietary intake Increasing Muscle Mass – Body mass gains 0.25-0.5kg/wk may be achieved with adequate training and CHO Dietary Intake Increased energy intake may be achieved by:

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes

– – – – –

Increased meals and snacks Focus on training nutrition, resistance vs. cardio Energy dense drinks Watch fibre intake Being prepared and planning ahead

Drop Fat Mass  checklist for dropping skinfolds  Meats  Dairy  Snacks  Alcohol  Fluids  Added Fats

Lecture 2A

8 th August

Somatotype  Gender  Racial variation  Extreme variables  Changes with growth  Comparing somatotypes in different sports and how they compare Questions  Which athletes are more ectomorphic? 100m or 10k runner  Describe the somatotype of gymnasts?  Basketball forwards tend to be? Somatotype- Gender Males: 80% meso-endo to meso-ecto Females: greater spread for somatotypes|| 20% balanced (or central) Somatotype- gender  Body image  Different characteristics are attributed to different body shapes  Females college students perceive:  Endomorphs: lazy, weak, low social status  Mesomorphs: competent, intelligent, professional  Ectomorphs: attractive but trivial Somatotype- Racial Variation

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes

Somatotype- Extremes

Growth:  Weight/Body Mass: increase- heavier  Height: increase  Hormone level/ level of physical activity Somatotype and Performance  Obviously somatotype is not the only factor in determining one’s ability to perform at an elite level. It is just one of the many ingredients.  However, combined with capacities such as body composition, proportionality, flexibility, strength & power; body type is valuable in

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes assessing a person’s suitability for a particular sport. 

Somatotypes are scattered about the mean– A range of somatotypes will cluster around the mean etc. Ice hockey

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A large scatter also in events where different positions require specialist body types etc. basketball

General Observations Significant differences between male & female athletes at the elite level – Existing data suggest that females are: – ↑ Endo – ↓ Meso – ≈ Ecto

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes Significant differences between males and female athletes at the elite level

What somatotype? Mesomorphs:  Gymnasts  Male: 1.5-6-2  Female: 2-4-3  Divers:  Male: 2-5.5-2.5  Female: 3-4-3  Body Builders  Male: 2-8.5-1  Female: 2.5-5-2.5  Weight Lifters/Wrestlers  Male: 2-7-1  Female Endo Mesomorphs  Open class lifters >100kg  Male: 5-9-0.5  Female  American Footballers  Lineman: 5-7.5-1  Backs: 3-5.5-1.5 Meso- Ectomorphs  Basketball  Male average: 2-4.5-3.5  Female average: 3.5-4-3 Ecto- Mesomorphs  Volleyball  Male: 2.5-4-4.5  Female: 3.5-4-3.5

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes Track and Field

Cycling: Track V Road Track: 2-5.5-2.5 Road: 1.5-4.5-3.5

Lecture 2B Applied Anatomy and Athletic Performance  Make sure you complete pre lab worksheets before each labs  The profile assignment is to be submitted as a group effort Lab Classes

9 th August

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes

Plane Positions • Proximal & Distal • Anterior & Posterior • Medial & Lateral • Superior & Inferior Questions Describe the Sagittal Plane What is the Frankfort plane?  When the orbitale & tragion are horizontally aligned, the vertex is most superior What is diurnal variation? What side of the body should be marked & measured?

Pre Lab 1: LandMarking

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes

Common Landmarks Vertex  Top of head Acromiale • Most superior & lateral border of the acromion process Radiale  Most proximal & lateral border of the head of radius Stylion  Most distal point on the Styloid process of the radius Dactylion  Most distal aspect of the 3rd digit of the hand Iliocristale  supero-lateral aspect of the iliac crest: in the mid-axillary line Iliospinale (ASIS)  Most inferior & medial surface of the ASIS Trochanterion  Most superior & lateral aspect of the greater trochanter of the femur Tibiale laterale  Most superior border of the Tibial plateau  Palpate the joint space from the lateral side, towards the patella Additional Land-Marking

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes Tricep  Mid acromiale-laterale Subscapular  2 cm obliquely from the inferior angle of scapula Biceps  Mid acromiale-radilae  Most anterior aspect of the arm with forearm supinated Supraspinale  At the level of the iliac  On a line from the ASIS to the anterior margin of axillary border Abdominal  5 cm to the right of the centre of the umbillicus Front thigh  Mid position between the inguinal crease & anterior patella Medial calf  Most medial aspect of the calf at the level of the maximum girth Stretch Stature – Diurnal variation – Subject to stand with heels together – Back, buttock & heels to touch stadiometer – Align head in the Frankfort plane – Take a deep breath & hold – Apply lift through the mastoid processes – Recorder lowers headboard to crush hair Body Mass – Diurnal variation – Subject in minimal clothing – Stand in the centre of the scale – Heels together, arms by sides – Looking forward not down Sitting Height – Diurnal variation – Subject sits on anthropometric box – Thighs horizontal – Back & buttock to touch stadiometer – Align head in the Frankfort plane – Take a deep breath & hold – Apply lift through the mastoid processes – Recorder lowers headboard to crush hair – Subtract the height of the box Arm Span – Subject to face the wall, arms extended horizontally

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes – Left dactylion touches the corner & right dactylion stretches maximally away from the corner – Ensure arms are horizontal – Measure the distance between the two points

Lecture 3A Body Composition

15 th August

Pre Lab 1: Revision Frankfort Plane  when the orbital and tragion are horizontally aligned, the vertex is most superior Questions: What is body composition and what is it used for? What factors affect body composition? What are the 3 levels of body composition assessment?

Applications Sport Science  Determine competition or race weight  Assess and monitor growing athletes  Monitor the effect of change to diet and exercise Medicine and Public Health  Epidemiology of disease and body composition  Detect atypical growth due to disease, eating disorder, malnutrition  Concept od ideal body weight  Child health, growth and development Factors Affecting Body Composition  Genetic  Hormonal  Environmental: exercise, nutrition, stress Growth  Fat  Muscle  Bone Adipose Tissue What is body fat for?  Many roles: insulation, thermogenesis, energy  Genetic trait that can be overridden by the environment Skeletal Tissue  Longitudinal skeletal growth has usually been completed by early adulthood  Bones adapt to stress by increasing or decreasing  Width  Mineral density  Architecture

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes 

Skeletal mass accounts for ~23% of total mass in the adult

Effects of Aging  

Fat levels tend to rise in both men & women Skeletal muscle & bone mass show an age related decline (sarcopenia)  ‘Poverty of the flesh”  Reduction of LBM that appears to accompany aging

Why?    

Reduced testosterone and HGH Reduced physical activity Malnutrition Smoking

Exercise and Aging  

Exercise has shown to reduce the effect of aging Weight bearing exercise may increase muscle mass and bone density

Assessing Body Composition 3 levels

         

Level 1: Direct Assessment Chemical: fat, nitrogen, water, minerals Anatomical: skin, adipose tissue, muscle, bone, residual Surface anatomy followed by dissection of each cadaver into gross tissue weights: skin, adipose tissue, muscle, bone, organs Results used to: develop new anatomically based models Test existing 2-compartment models Level 2: Indirect Assessment Weight for height indices Hydrodensitometry Skinfolds Tissue fractionation Other techniques

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes How much you weigh isn’t the same question as how far you are Weight for height indices e.g. BMI

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Fly weight 120 kg or >2 m tall won’t fit

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Level 3: doubly indirect % Body fat from: skinfolds, Hydrodensitometry, TOBEC, BIA

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes Questions: What density do we assume for: fat mass, lean body mass What is the density of water? % Body fat from Hydrodensitometry The technique assumes  

FM has a density of 0.900 g.ml-1 LBM has a density of 1.100 g.ml -1

Siris Equation for predicting % fat from Hydrodensitometry

Tissue density is not constant:   

Athletes tend to have denser bones & muscles than non-athletes, which may lead to an underestimation of body fat percentage. Vice versa, body fat of elderly patients suffering from osteoporosis may be overestimated Residual volume in the lung is not constant

Negative body fat prediction for football players

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes

% Body fat from TOBEC and BIA  Both methods affected by variations in diet, hydration, ethnicity and disease states Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC) 

Examine electrical conductivity to estimate LBM

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) 

Regression equation with Ht & Wt as dominant factors

Variability of % body fat for 5 different methods

Lecture 3B O Scale       

16 th August

Does not predict body composition Normative based system Individual monitoring to provide feedback to client or athlete Geometrical adjustment to standard stature 2 scales compared with same age and sex Adiposity: size adjusted sum of six skinfolds || pS6SF=S6SF (170.18/Ht) Proportional weight: size adjusted body weight || pWt= Wt (170.18/Ht)3

Human Structure and Athletic Performance 1102 Lecture Notes Level 2 Indirect Assessment Other techniques  k40 counting  radiographs  CT scanning DEXA:  Two beams of x-ray passing through the body  First developed to estimate bone mineral density (BMD) of regions of the skeleton and more recently whole body BMD  Able to estimate body mass of the subject with a high degree of accuracy Limitations:  Difficulty in determining body composition in the trunk region  Currently no cross-validation between machines  >120kg or 2m tall wont fit % Fat from: skinfolds To find density mass: you need to know lean body mass and fat mass Doubly indirect Reducing Fats  Via exercise  What is the best form of exercise?  Via Diet  What are long-term benefits? Do I have to train maximally at the same time? Reducing Fats  High carb and fibre- low fat and sugar?  High protein- low carb diet?  High protein-high fat (Atkins diet) || increase kidney failure, excretion of excess protein, increase bone resorption  Fasting  Energy in=energy out Gaining Weight Why would one wish to increase mass?    

Gaining lean mass may be achieved without the need for drug therapy Create the correct stimulus Supply sufficient energy Provide adequate rest

Making Weight  Athletes undergo last minute dehydration in order to lower total body mass  A better management strategy is to reduce body fat ...