01 functional groups 1 PDF

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Chem 261 lecture notes Functional groups (Please download Supplementary lecture notes “Functional group chart” for comparison) Introduction   

There are more than 18 million known organic compounds Need classification into different families (functional groups) Members of each family have similar chemical and physical properties

Chemists look for functional groups in an organic molecule

Alcohol

Alkene

Studying organic chemistry

1

Functional Groups The atom or group of atoms that defines the structure of a particular family of organic compounds is called the functional group Functional groups determine the chemical / physical properties of organic compounds It is the site for chemical reactions Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in its molecule. Saturated hydrocarbons  Compounds with maximum number of hydrogen bonded to carbon  A saturated hydrocarbon contains carbon-carbon single bonds Unsaturated hydrocarbons  Compounds do not have the maximum number of hydrogen bonded to carbon  An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains carbon-carbon double or triple bonds Alkanes     

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbon compounds They do not have functional groups Alkane is the skeleton of organic compounds Alkyl groups are derived from alkane General formula for straight chain alkanes:

CnH2n+2

Alkenes  

Functional group is the carbon-carbon double bond It is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

C

An alkene

C

2

Alkynes Functional group is the carbon-carbon triple bond It is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

C

An alkyne

C

Aromatics One type of aromatic compound contains a benzene ring. There are other types of aromatic compounds which we will learn more in Chem 263

It should not be regarded as an alkene because it is highly stable due to resonance

=

Resonance of benzene

Haloalkanes (Alkyl halides) The functional group of haloalkane is the halogen (X)

R

X

H

(X = F, Cl, Br or I) H H C

C

H

H

Br

Alkyl group + halogen

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