01-Handout-Functional Groups PDF

Preview

Summary

Lemon - Handout from Introductory lesson...

Description

Please note: “R” represents the “rest” of the molecule. “R” usually is a placeholder for other atoms that are bonded to the molecule, but are not important to the chemistry being discussed. The use of “R” is a convenient way to abbreviate or simplify representations of organic structures. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_groups

Chemical class of Name of the the molecule functional group Alkane

Alkyl

Formula

Structural Pattern

RH

Prefix

Suffix

alkyl-

Example

-ane Ethane

Alkene

Alkenyl

R2C=CR2

alkenyl-

-ene Ethylene

Alkyne

Alkynyl

RC≡CR'

alkynyl-

-yne Acetylene 2-

Aromatic, or Benzene derivative

Phenyl

RC6H5 RPh

phenyl-

-benzene phenylpropane

Chemical class of Name of the the molecule functional group

Formula

Structural Pattern

Prefix

Suffix

Example

Alcohol

Hydroxyl

ROH

hydroxy-

-ol Methanol

Ketone

Carbonyl

RCOR'

keto-, oxo-

-one Methyl ethyl ketone

Aldehyde or Aldehyde

RCHO

aldo-

-al

Formyl

Ethanal

Carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acid

RCOOH

-

-ic acid Ethanoic acid (Acetic acid)

Carboxylate

Carboxylate

RCOO−

carboxy-

-oate Sodium acetate

Chemical class of Name of the the molecule functional group Ether Ether

Formula ROR'

Structural Pattern

Prefix alkoxy-

Suffix

Example

alkyl alkyl ether Diethyl ether

(Ethoxyethane)

Ester

Ester

RCOOR'

-

alkyl alkanoate

Ethyl butyrate (Ethyl butanoate)

Hydroperoxide

Hydroperoxy

ROOH

hydroperoxy-

alkyl hydroperoxide

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide

Peroxide

Peroxy

ROOR

peroxy-

Chemical class of Name of the the molecule functional group

Formula

Structural Pattern

Prefix

alkyl peroxide Di-tert-butyl peroxide

Suffix

Example

Amide

Carboxamide

RCONR2

carboxamido-

-amide

Primary amine

RNH2

amino-

-amine

Acetamide (Ethanamide)

Methylamine (Methanamine)

Secondary amine

R2NH

amino-

-amine Dimethylamine

Amines

Tertiary amine

R 3N

amino-

-amine Trimethylamine

Quaternary ammonium ion

Chemical class of Name of the the molecule functional group

R4N+

Formula

ammonio-

Structural Pattern

Prefix

-ammonium

Suffix

Example

Phosphodiester

Phosphate

HOPO(OR)2

Phosphate

Phosphate

ROP(=O)(OH)2

Sulfide or thioether

di(substituent) phosphoric acid di(substituent) hydrogenphospha te ester

phospho-

Thiol

Sulfhydryl

RSH

Disulfide

Disulfide

RSSR'

Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate di(substituent) sulfide

RSR'

mercapto-, sulfanyl-

DNA

-thiol

Dimethyl sulfide

Ethanethiol (Ethyl mercaptan)

alkyl alkyl disulfide Diphenyl disulfide 1,2-diphenyldisulfane

Thioester Acetyl CoA...