1.1 and 1.2 Notes PDF

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1.1 and 1.2 Notes Fall 2018...

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Logic ○ Organized body of knowledge (or science) that evaluates arguments Argument ○ A group of statements, one or more of which (premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (conclusion) Statement ○ A sentence that is either true or false (typically a declarative sentence or a sentence component that could stand as a declarative sentence) ■ NOT STATEMENTS ● A question ● Proposal ● Suggestion ● Command ● Exclamation Truth value ○ Truth and falsity of a statement Premise ○ The statements that set forth the reasons or evidence Conclusion ○ Statement that the evidence is claimed to support Conclusion indicator ○ Clue in identifying conclusions ○ ex) therefore, hence, thus Premise indicator ○ Clue in identifying premise ○ ex) since, in that, as, for, given that Inference ○ The reasoning process expressed by an argument (interchangable with argument) Proposition ○ The meaning or information content of a statement (interchangable with statement) Syllogistic logic ○ A kind of logic in which the fundamental elements are terms ■ Arguments are evaluated as good or abd depending on how the terms are arranged in the argument ■ ***aristotle Modal logic ○ A kind of logic that involves such concepts as possibility, necessity, belief, and doubt ○ Also aristotle Started with aristotle ○ Then it flourished in middle ages

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Now used in calculus and technology stuff

1.2 What is needed for a passage to contain an argument 1. At least one of the statements must claim to present evidence or reasons (look for indicator words) 2. There must be a claim that the alleged evidence supports or implies something - that is, a claim that something follows from the alleged evidence or reasons ** ● Explicit claim ○ Asserted by presmise or conclusion indicator words ● Implicit claims ○ Exists if there is an inferential relationship between the statements in a passage but the passage contains no indicator words ● Not always easy to tell there is an inferential relationship NONINFERENTIAL PASSAGES - lack a claim that anything is being proved ● Warning ○ A form of expression that is intended to put someone on guard against a dangerous or detrimental situation ● Piece of advice ○ A form of expression that makes a recommendation about some future decision or course of conduct ● Statement of belief or opinion ○ An expression about what someone happens to believe or think about something ● Loosely associated statements ○ May be about the same general subject, but they lack a claim that one of them is proved by the others ● Report ○ Consists of a group of statements that convey information aboutsome topic or event ● Expository passage ○ A kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence (not to prove but to elaborate or expand) ■ No argument ● Illustration ○ An expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done ■ Stuck? Is the claim being illustrated one that practically everyone accepts? If yes, not an argument ● Argument from example ○ Illustration that could be taken as an argument, trying to prove a truth using examples ^^^ ● Explanation

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An expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon (event in question is usually accepted as matter of fact) ■ Show why something is, not prove that it is ● Explanandum ○ The statemet that describes the event or phenomenon to be explained ■ Sky is blue ● Explanans ○ Statement or group of statements that purports to do the explaining ■ Because of light rays from the sun….. ● Conditional statement ○ If…..then ● Antecedent ○ Following if ● Consequent ○ Following then RELATION BETWEEN CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS AND ARGUMENTS ● A single conditional statement is not an argument ● A conditional statement may serve as either the premise or the conclusion (or both) of an argument ● The inferential content of a conditional statement may be re expressed to form an argument ● Sufficient condition ○ A is a sufficient condition for B whenever occurence of A is all that is needed for the occurence of B ■ Being a dog is a sufficient condition for being an animal ● Necessary condition ○ B is necessary condition of A whenever A cannot occur without occurence of B ● Being an animal is a necessary condition for being a dog ■ If X is a dog, then X is an animal ■ If X is not an animal, then X is not a dog...