12 Lecture Outline - THE CELL CYCLE PDF

Title 12 Lecture Outline - THE CELL CYCLE
Author Osvaldo Conde
Course Principles of Biology
Institution Miami Dade College
Pages 13
File Size 161.4 KB
File Type PDF
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Summary

THE CELL CYCLE
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Description

CHAPTER1 2 THECELLCYCLE I n t r o d uc t i o n  Thea bi l i t yo fo r g a n i s mst or e p r o d u c et h e i rki n di son ec h a r a c t e r i s t i ct h a t b e s tdi s t i n g u i s h e sl i v i n gt hi n g sf r o mn o nl i v i n gma t t e r .  Th ec o n t i n u i t yofl i f ef r o mo n ec e l lt oa n o t h e ri sba s e dont he r e p r o d u c t i ono fc e l l sv i ac e l ldi vi s i o n.  Th i sd i v i s i onp r o c e s so c c u r sa sp a r to ft h ec e l lc y c l e ,t h el i f eo fac e l l f r omi t so r i g i ni nt h ed i v i s i o nofap a r e n tc e l lu n t i li t so wnd i v i s i oni n t o t wo .

A. TheKe yRo l e so fCe l lDi vi s i o n 1 . Ce l ldi vi s i o nf unc t i o nsi nr e pr oduc t i on, g r o wt h, a ndr e pa i r  Th ed i v i s i o no faun i c e l l u l a ror g a ni s mr e p r o d u c e sa ne n t i r eo r g a n i s m, i nc r e a s i n gt h epo p ul a t i o n .  Ce l ld i v i s i o no nal a r g e rs c a l ec a np r o d u c ep r o g e n yf ors o memu l t i c e l l u l a r o r g a n i s ms .  Th i si n c l u d e so r g a n i s mst h a tc a ngr o wb yc ut t i n g so rb yfis s i o n.  Ce l ld i v i s i o ni sa l s oc e nt r a lt ot h ed e v e l o p me ntofamu l t i c e l l u l a r o r g a n i s mt h a tb e gi nsa saf e r t i l i z e de g go rz y g o t e .  Mu l t i c e l l u l a ror g a ni s msa l s ous ec e l ld i v i s i ont or e p a i ra n dr e n e wc e l l s t h a tdi ef r omn o r ma lwe a ra n dt e a ro ra c c i de n t s .  Ce l ld i v i s i o nr e q u i r e st h ed i s t r i b ut i o no fi d e nt i c a lg e n e t i cma t e r i a l-DNA -t ot wod a u g ht e rc e l l s .  Wh a ti sr e ma r k a b l ei st h efid e l i t ywi t hwhi c hDNAi sp a s s e da l on g , wi t ho u td i l u t i o n, f r o mo n eg e n e r a t i o nt ot h en e x t .  Ad i vi di n gc e l ld u pl i c a t e si t sDNA, a l l o c a t e st h et woc o pi e st oo pp o s i t e e n d soft h ec e l l ,a n dt h e ns pl i t si nt ot wod a u gh t e rc e l l s .

2 . Ce l ldi vi s i o ndi s t r i but e si de nt i c a ls e t so f c hr o mos ome st oda ug ht e rc e l l s  Ac e l l ’ sg e ne t i ci n f o r ma t i o n ,p a c k a g e da sDNA, i sc a l l e di t sg e no me .  I np r o k a r y o t e s , t h eg e n omei so f t e nas i n g l el o n gDNAmol e c u l e .  I ne uk a r y o t e s , t heg e n o mec o n s i s t so fs e v e r a lDNAmol e c u l e s .  Ah u ma nc e l lmu s td u pl i c a t ea b o ut3mo fDNAa n ds e p a r a t et h et wo c o p i e ss u c ht ha te a c hd a u gh t e rc e l le n d supwi t hac o mp l e t eg e n ome .  DNAmol e c u l e sa r ep a c k a g e di n t oc hr o mo s o me s .  Ev e r ye u k a r y o t i cs p e c i e sha sac h a r a c t e r i s t i cnu mb e ro fc hr o mos o me s i nt h en u c l e u s .  Hu ma ns o ma t i cc e l l s( bo d yc e l l s )h a v e4 6c h r o mo s o me s .  Hu ma ng a me t e s( s p e r mo re g g s )ha v e23c h r o mos o me s , ha l ft h e n u mb e ri nas o ma t i cc e l l .  Ea c he uk a r y o t i cc h r o mo s omec o n s i s t so fal o n g ,l i n e a rDNAmo l e c u l e .  Ea c hc h r o mo s o meh a sh u n d r e dso rt h o u s a n dso fg e ne s ,t h eu ni t st ha t s pe c i f ya no r g a n i s m’ si nh e r i t e dt r a i t s .  As s oc i a t e dwi t hDNAa r ep r o t e i n st ha tma i n t a i ni t ss t r u c t u r ea n dh e l p c o n t r o lg e n ea c t i v i t y .  Th i sDNAp r o t e i nc o mp l e x ,c hr o ma t i n, i so r g a n i z e di n t oal o n gt h i n fibe r .  Af t e rt h eDNAd u p l i c a t i o n ,c h r o ma t i nc o nd e n s e s ,c o i l i n ga ndf ol di n gt o ma k eas ma l l e rp a c k a g e .  Ea c hdu p l i c a t e dc hr o mo s o mec o n s i s t so ft wos i s t e rc hr o ma t i dswh i c h c o n t a i ni d e nt i c a lc o p i e so ft hec h r o mos o me ’ sDNA.  Ast h e yc o n d e ns e , t her e g i o nwh e r et hes t r a nd sc o nn e c ts h r i n kst oa n a r r o wa r e a ,t h ec e nt r o me r e .  La t e r , t h es i s t e rc h r o ma t i d sa r ep u l l e da p a r ta n dr e p a c k a g e di nt ot won e w n u c l e ia top p os i t ee n d so ft h epa r e n tc e l l .  Th ep r o c e s so ft h ef or ma t i o no ft h et wod a u g ht e rnu c l e i ,mi t o s i s , i s u s u a l l yf ol l o we db yd i v i s i ono ft hec yt o pl a s m,c yt o ki ne s i s .

 Th e s ep r o c e s s e st a k eon ec e l la n dp r o d u c et woc e l l st h a ta r et h eg e n e t i c e q ui v a l e ntoft h ep a r e n t .  Ea c ho fusi n h e r i t e d2 3c hr o mo s o me sf r ome a c hp a r e n t :o n es e ti na ne g g a n do n es e ti ns p e r m.  Th ef e r t i l i z e de g go rz y g o t eun d e r we n tt r i l l i o nso fc y c l e so fmi t o s i sa n d c y t o ki n e s i st op r o d u c eaf u l l yd e v e l o p e dmul t i c e l l u l a rhu ma n .  Th e s ep r o c e s s e sc o n t i n u ee v e r yd a yt or e pl a c ede a da n dd a ma g e dc e l l s .  Es s e n t i a l l y , t h e s ep r o c e s s e sp r o du c ec l o n e s— c e l l swi t ht h es a meg e n e t i c i nf o r ma t i o n .  I nc o n t r a s t , g a me t e s( e g g so rs p e r m)a r ep r o d uc e don l yi ng o n a ds( o v a r i e s o rt e s t e s ) .  I nt h eg o n a d s ,c e l l su nd e r g oav a r i a t i ono fc e l ld i v i s i o n ,me i o s i s ,wh i c h y i e l d sf o u rda u g ht e rc e l l s ,e a c hwi t hha l ft hec h r o mos o me so ft h epa r e n t .  I nh uma n s , me i o s i sr e d u c e st hen umb e ro fc h r o mo s ome sf r o m4 6t o 2 3 .  Fe r t i l i z a t i onf us e st wog a me t e st o g e t he ra n dd o ub l e st h en u mb e rof c hr o mo s o me st o46a g a i n.

B. TheMi t o t i cCe l lCy c l e 1 . Themi t o t i cpha s ea l t e r na t e swi t hi nt e r pha s ei n t hec e l lc y c l e :a no v e r v i e w  Th emi t o t i c( M)pha s eo ft h ec e l lc y c l ea l t e r n a t e swi t ht hemu c hl o n g e r i nt e r phas e .  Th eM p ha s ei n c l u de smi t o s i sa n dc y t o ki n e s i s .  I n t e r p h a s ea c c o u n t sf o r90 %o ft hec e l lc y c l e .  Du r i n gi n t e r p h a s et hec e l lg r o wsb yp r o du c i n gp r o t e i nsa ndc y t o p l a s mi c o r g a n e l l e s ,c o p i e si t sc h r o mos o me s , a ndpr e p a r e sf o rc e l ld i vi s i o n .  I n t e r p h a s eh a st h r e es u b ph a s e s :  Th eG1phas e( “ fir s tg a p ” )c e nt e r e do ng r o wt h .

 Th eSphas e( “ s y n t h e s i s ” ) ,wh e nt h ec h r o mo s o me sa r ec o pi e d .  Th eG2phas e( “ s e c o ndg a p ” ) , whe r et h ec e l lc o mp l e t e spr e p a r a t i o ns f o rc e l ld i vi s i o n ,  Th e nt h ec e l ld i vi de s( M) .  Th ed a u gh t e rc e l l sma yt he nr e p e a tt h ec y c l e .  Mi t o s i si sac o n t i n u umo fc h a n g e s .  Fo rd e s c r i p t i o n ,mi t o s i si sus u a l l yb r o k e ni n t ofiv es ub p h a s e s :  Pr o phas e .  Pr o me t a phas e .  Me t a phas e .  Anapha s e .  Te l o phas e .  Byl a t ei n t e r p h a s e ,t h ec h r o mo s ome sh a v ebe e nd u pl i c a t e db uta r el oo s e l y p a c k e d .  Th ec e n t r o s o me sh a v ebe e ndu p l i c a t e da ndb e g i nt oo r g a n i z e mi c r o t u bu l e si nt oa na s t e r( “ s t a r ” ) .  I np r o p ha s e ,t h ec h r o mos o me sa r et i g ht l yc o i l e d, wi t hs i s t e rc h r o ma t i d s j oi n e dt o g e t he r .  Th en u c l e o l id i s a p p e a r .  Th emi t o t i cs p i n d l eb e g i nst of o r ma n da p p e a r st opu s ht h ec e nt r o s o me s a wa yf r o me a c ho t h e rt o wa r do pp o s i t ee n ds( p o l e s )o ft h ec e l l .  Du r i n gp r o me t a ph a s e ,t h enu c l e a re n v e l o pef r a g me n t sa ndmi c r o t u b u l e s f r omt h es p i n dl ei n t e r a c twi t ht hec h r o mo s o me s .  Mi c r o t ub u l e sf r o mo n ep ol ea t t a c ht oo neo ft woki ne t o c ho r e s , s p e c i a l r e g i o n soft h ec e n t r o me r e , whi l emi c r o t ub u l e sf r o mt h eo t he rp ol ea t t a c h t ot heo t h e rki n e t o c h or e .  Th es p i nd l efib e r sp us ht h es i s t e rc h r o ma t i d su n t i lt he ya r ea l la r r a n g e da t t h eme t a pha s epl a t e , a ni ma g i n a r yp l a n ee q ui di s t a n tb e t we e nt h ep o l e s , d e fin i n gme t a p h a s e .  Ata na p h a s e ,t h ec e n t r o me r e sdi v i d e , s e pa r a t i n gt hes i s t e rc h r o ma t i d s .

 Ea c hi sn o wp ul l e dt o wa r dt h epo l et owh i c hi ti sa t t a c h e db ys p i n dl e fibe r s .  Byt h ee n d, t h et wop ol e sh a v ee q ui v a l e ntc ol l e c t i o n so fc h r o mos o me s .  Att e l o p ha s e ,t h ec e l lc o n t i n u e st oe l o n g a t ea sf r e es p i nd l efib e r sf r o m e a c hc e nt r o s omepu s hoffe a c ho t h e r .  T won u c l e ib e g i nt of o r m, s ur r ou n d e db yt h ef r a g me n t so ft h epa r e n t ’ s n u c l e a re n v e l op e .  Ch r o ma t i nb e c o me sl e s st i g ht l yc o i l e d .  Cyt o ki n e s i s , di v i s i o no ft hec y t op l a s m, be g i n s .

2 . Themi t o t i cs pi ndl edi s t r i but e sc hr o mo s o me st o da ug ht e rc e l l s :ac l o s e rl o o k  Th emi t o t i cs pi ndl e ,fib e r sc o mp o s e do fmi c r o t u b u l e sa nda s s o c i a t e d p r o t e i n s ,i sama j o rd r i v i n gf o r c ei nmi t o s i s .  Ast h es p i nd l ea s s e mb l e sd u r i n gp r o p h a s e ,t h ee l e me nt sc o mef r o m p a r t i a ldi s a s s e mb l yo ft hec yt o s k e l e t o n .  Th es p i nd l efib e r se l o n g a t eb yi n c o r p o r a t i n gmo r es u b un i t so ft h ep r o t e i n t u bu l i n .  As s e mb l yo ft h es p i n d l emi c r o t u b u l e ss t a r t si nt h ec e nt r o s o me .  Th ec e n t r o s o me( mi c r o t u b ul e o r g a n i z i n gc e n t e r )o fa ni ma l sha sap a i r o fc e nt r i o l e sa tt h ec e nt e r , b utt h ef u n c t i o no ft h ec e nt r i ol e si s s o me wh a tu n de fin e d .  Asmi t o s i ss t a r t s ,t h et woc e nt r o s ome sa r el o c a t e dn e a rt hen u c l e u s .  Ast h es p i nd l efib e r sgr o wf r omt h e m,t h ec e nt r i o l e sa r epu s h e da p a r t .  Byt h ee n do fp r o me t a p ha s et he yd e v e l o pa st h es p i n d l ep ol e sa top p os i t e e n d soft h ec e l l .  Ea c hs i s t e rc h r o ma t i dha saki ne t o c ho r eo fp r o t e i nsa n dc h r o mo s oma l DNAa tt h ec e n t r o me r e .  Th eki n e t o c h o r e so ft hej o i ne ds i s t e rc h r o ma t i d sf a c ei nop p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s .

 Du r i n gp r o me t a ph a s e ,s o mes p i n dl emi c r o t u b ul e sa t t a c ht ot h e ki n e t o c h o r e s .  Wh e nac h r o mos o me ’ ski n e t o c h o r ei s“ c a p t u r e d ”b ymi c r o t u b u l e s , t h e c hr o mo s o memo v e st o wa r dt h ep o l ef r o mwh i c ht h os emi c r o t u b ul e s c o me .  Wh e nmi c r o t u b ul e sa t t a c ht ot h eo t h e rp o l e , t h i smo v e me n ts t op sa n da t u g o f wa re n s ue s .  Ev e n t u a l l y , t hec h r o mo s omes e t t l e smi d wa yb e t we e nt h et wop o l e so ft he c e l l ,t h eme t a pha s epl a t e .  Ot h e rmi c r o t ub u l e sf r o mo pp o s i t ep ol e si n t e r a c ta swe l l ,e l o n g a t i n gt h e c e l l .  On eh y po t he s i sf o rt hemo v e me ntofc h r o mos o me si na na p h a s ei st ha t mo t o rp r o t e i nsa tt heki n e t o c h o r e“ wa l k ”t hea t t a c h e dc h r o mo s omea l o n g t h emi c r o t u b ul et o wa r dt heo pp o s i t ep ol e .  Th ee x c e s smi c r o t u bu l es e c t i o n sd e p ol y me r i z e .  Exp e r i me n t ss up p or tt h eh y p o t h e s i st ha ts p i n d l efib e r ss ho r t e nd u r i n g a n a p ha s ef r omt h ee n da t t a c h e dt ot h ec h r o mos o me ,n o tt h ec e n t r o s o me .  No n ki n e t i c ho r emi c r o t u b u l e sa r er e s po n s i b l ef o rl e n g t h e n i n gt hec e l l a l on gt h ea x i sde fin e db yt h ep o l e s .  Th e s emi c r o t u bu l e si nt e r d i g i t a t ea c r o s st heme t a p h a s ep l a t e .  Du r i n ga n a ph a s emo t o rp r o t e i nsp u s hmi c r o t u b u l e sf r o mo p po s i t e s i de sa wa yf r ome a c ho t h e r .  Att h es a met i me , t h ea dd i t i o nofn e wt u b u l i nmo no me r se x t e n dst h e i r l e n gt h .

3 . Cy t o ki ne s i sdi vi de st hec yt o pl a s m:ac l o s e rl oo k  Cyt o ki n e s i s , di v i s i o no ft hec y t op l a s m, t yp i c a l l yf ol l o wsmi t o s i s .  I na ni ma l s , t hefir s ts i gno fc y t o ki n e s i s( c l e a v a g e )i st h ea p p e a r a n c eo fa c l e a v a g ef ur r o wi nt h ec e l ls u r f a c ene a rt h eol dme t a p h a s ep l a t e .  Ont h ec y t op l a s mi cs i d eo ft h ec l e a v a g ef u r r o wac o n t r a c t i l er i n go fa c t i n mi c r o fil a me n t sa n dt h emo t o rp r o t e i nmy os i nf o r m.  Co n t r a c t i o no ft h er i n gpi nc h e st h ec e l li nt wo .

 Cyt o ki n e s i si npl a nt s ,wh i c hh a v ec e l lwa l l s ,i n v o l v e sac o mp l e t e l y d i ffe r e n tme c h a n i s m.  Du r i n gt e l o p ha s e , v e s i c l e sf r o mt h eGo l gic o a l e s c ea tt h eme t a p ha s epl a t e , f o r mi n gac e l lpl a t e .  Th ep l a t ee nl a r g e su n t i li t sme mbr a n e sf us ewi t ht h ep l a s ma me mb r a n ea tt hep e r i me t e r , wi t ht h ec o n t e n t so ft h ev e s i c l e sf or mi n g n e wwa l lma t e r i a li nbe t we e n .

4 . Mi t o s i si ne uka r y o t e sma yha v ee v o l v e df r o m bi na r yfis s i oni nba c t e r i a  Pr o ka r y o t e sr e p r o d u c eb ybi na r yfis s i on, n o tmi t o s i s .  Mo s tba c t e r i a lg e n e sa r el oc a t e do nas i n g l eb a c t e r i a lc h r o mo s omewh i c h c o n s i s t so fac i r c ul a rDNAmo l e c u l ea n da s s o c i a t e dp r o t e i n s .  Wh i l eba c t e r i ad ono tha v ea sma n yg e ne so rDNAmo l e c u l e sa sl o n ga s t h o s ei ne u ka r y o t e s , t he i rc i r c u l a rc h r o mo s o mei ss t i l lh i g h l yf o l de da nd c o i l e di nt h ec e l l .  I nb i n a r yfis s i o n, c h r o mo s o mer e p l i c a t i o nb e g i n sa ton ep oi nti nt h e c i r c u l a rc h r o mo s ome , t h eo r i g i no fr e pl i c a t i o ns i t e .  Th e s ec o p i e dr e gi on sb e g i nt omo v et oop p o s i t ee nd so ft h ec e l l .  Th eme c h a ni s mb e h i ndt h emo v e me nto ft h eb a c t e r i a lc h r o mo s o mei ss t i l l a nop e nq ue s t i on .  Ap r e v i o u sh y po t he s i sp r o p os e dt h a tt h i smo v e me ntwa sdr i v e nb yt he g r o wt ho fn e wpl a s mame mbr a n eb e t we e nt h et woo r i g i nr e g i o n s .  Re c e n tob s e r v a t i o n sha v es h o wnmo r edi r e c t e dmo v e me n t ,r e mi n i s c e nt o ft h ep o l e wa r dmo v e me nto fe u ka r y o t i cc h r o mo s o me s .  Ho we v e r ,mi t o t i cs p i n dl e so re v e nmi c r o t u bu l e sa r eu n kn o wni n b a c t e r i a .  Ast h eb a c t e r i a lc h r o mos o mei sr e p l i c a t i n ga n dt h ec o p i e dr e g i o n sa r e mo v i n gt oo pp o s i t ee n d so ft h ec e l l , t h eba c t e r i u mc o n t i n u e st ogr o wu nt i l i tr e a c he st wi c ei t sor i g i n a ls i z e .  Ce l ld i v i s i o ni n v o l v e si n wa r dgr o wt ho ft hep l a s mame mb r a n e ,d i v i d i n g t h epa r e n tc e l li n t ot wod a u gh t e rc e l l s , e a c hwi t hac o mpl e t eg e n o me .  I ti sq u i t eaj u mpf r o mbi na r yfis s i o nt omi t os i s .

 Pos s i b l ei nt e r me d i a t ee v ol u t i o n a r ys t e psa r es e e ni nt hed i vi s i o no ft wo t y p e sofu n i c e l l ul a ra l g a e .  I nd i n ofla g e l l a t e s , r e p l i c a t e dc h r o mos o me sa r ea t t a c h e dt ot hen uc l e a r e n v e l o pe .  I nd i a t o ms ,t h es p i n d l ede v e l o pswi t hi nt h en u c l e u s .

C. Re g ul a t i o no ft heCe l lCy c l e  Th et i mi n ga ndr a t e so fc e l ld i v i s i o ni nd i ffe r e n tp a r t so fa na n i ma lo r p l a n ta r ec r u c i a lf orn o r ma lg r o wt h , de v e l op me n t , a ndma i n t e n a nc e .  Th ef r e q u e nc yo fc e l ld i vi s i o nv a r i e swi t hc e l lt y p e .  So mehu ma nc e l l sd i v i d ef r e q u e n t l yt h r o u g ho u tl i f e( s ki nc e l l s ) ,o t h e r s h a v et hea b i l i t yt od i v i d e ,b u tk e e pi ti nr e s e r v e( l i v e rc e l l s ) , a n d ma t u r en e r v ea ndmu s c l ec e l l sd on o ta p p e a rt odi v i d ea ta l la f t e r ma t u r i t y .  I n v e s t i g a t i o no ft h emo l e c u l a rme c h a n i s msr e g ul a t i n gt h e s ed i ffe r e n c e s p r o vi dei mp o r t a n ti ns i g h t si n t oh o wn or ma lc e l l so p e r a t e ,b u ta l s oh o w c a n c e rc e l l se s c a p ec o nt r o l s .

1 . Amo l e c ul a rc o nt r o ls y s t e m dr i v e st hec e l lc y c l e  Th ec e l lc y c l ea p p e a r st ob ed r i v e nb ys p e c i ficc h e mi c a ls i g na l si nt h e c y t o p l a s m.  Fu s i o no fa nSp h a s ec e l la ndaG1p h a s ec e l li nd u c e st h eG1n u c l e u st o s t a r tSp h a s e .  Fu s i o no fac e l li nmi t os i swi t ho n ei ni nt e r p ha s ei n du c e st h es e c o n d c e l lt oe n t e rmi t o s i s .  Th ed i s t i n c te v e n t so ft hec e l lc y c l ea r ed i r e c t e db yad i s t i n c tc e l lc y c l e c ont r o ls y s t e m.  Th e s emo l e c u l e st r i g g e ra ndc o or di n a t ek e ye v e n t si nt h ec e l lc y c l e .  Th ec o n t r o lc y c l eha sabu i l t i nc l o c k ,b u ti ti sa l s or e g u l a t e db y e x t e r n a la d j us t me nt sa n di nt e r n a lc o n t r o l s .

 Ac he c kpo i nti nt hec e l lc y c l ei sac r i t i c a lc o nt r o lpo i n twh e r es t o pa n d g os i g na l sr e g u l a t et h ec y c l e .  Ma n ys i g na l sr e g i s t e r e da tc he c kp o i n t sc omef r omc e l l u l a rs u r v e i l l a n c e me c h a ni s ms .  Th e s ei nd i c a t ewhe t he rk e yc e l l u l a rp r o c e s s e sh a v ebe e nc o mp l e t e d c o r r e c t l y .  Ch e c k po i n t sa l s or e gi s t e rs i g n a l sf r o mou t s i det h ec e l l .  Th r e ema j o rc h e c kp oi nt sa r ef o un di nt h eG1, G2, a n dM p ha s e s .  Fo rma n yc e l l s ,t h eG1c h e c k po i n t ,t h er e s t r i c t i onp oi nti nma mma l i a n c e l l s ,i st h emo s ti mpo r t a n t .  I ft hec e l lr e c e i v e sag o a he a ds i gn a l ,i tu s ua l l yc o mpl e t e st h ec e l lc y c l e a n dd i v i d e s .  I fi td o e sno tr e c e i v eag o a h e a ds i g n a l , t h ec e l le x i t st hec y c l ea n d s wi t c h e st oan on d i v i d i n gs t a t e ,t h eG0phas e .  Mo s thu ma nc e l l sa r ei nt h i sp ha s e .  Li v e rc e l l sc a nb e“ c a l l e db a c k ”t ot hec e l lc y c l eb ye x t e r n a lc u e s ( g r o wt hf a c t o r s ) ,b u th i gh l ys pe c i a l i z e dn e r v ea n dmu s c l ec e l l s n e v e rdi v i d e .  Rh y t h mi cflu c t u a t i o nsi nt hea b u nd a n c ea nda c t i v i t yo fc o nt r o lmo l e c u l e s p a c et h ec e l lc y c l e .  So memol e c u l e sa r ep r o t e i nki na s e st ha ta c t i v a t eo rd e a c t i v a t eo t h e r p r o t e i n sb yph o s p h or y l a t i n gt he m.  Th el e v e l so ft he s eki n a s e sa r ep r e s e n ti nc o n s t a n ta mou n t s ,b u tt h e s e ki n a s e sr e q u i r eas e c o ndpr o t e i n , ac y c l i n, t ob e c o mea c t i v a t e d .  Le v e l sofc y c l i np r o t e i n sflu c t u a t ec y c l i c a l l y .  Th ec o mpl e xo fki n a s e sa n dc y c l i nf o r msc y c l i nde pe nde ntki nas e s ( Cdks ) .  Cy c l i nl e v e l sr i s es h a r p l yt h r o u g ho u ti n t e r p h a s e ,t h e nf a l la br u p t l ydu r i n g mi t o s i s .  Pe a ksi nt h ea c t i v i t yo fon ec y c l i n Cdkc o mp l e x ,MPF, c o r r e s p on dt o p e a k si nc y c l i nc o nc e n t r a t i o n.

 MPF( “ ma t u r a t i o n p r o mo t i n gf a c t o r ”o r“ Mph a s e p r o mo t i n g f a c t o r ” ) t r i g g e r st h ec e l l ’ spa s s a g ep a s tt h eG2c h e c k p oi ntt ot heM ph a s e .  MPFp r o mo t e smi t os i sb yph o s p h or y l a t i n gav a r i e t yo fo t h e rpr o t e i n ki n a s e s .  MPFs t i mu l a t e sf r a g me n t a t i o no ft h enu c l e a re n v e l o pe .  I ta l s ot r i g g e r st hebr e a k d o wno fc y c l i n ,d r o p pi n gc y c l i na n dMPF l e v e l sd ur i n gmi t o s i sa n di na c t i v a t i n gMPF .  Th ek e yG1c h ...


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