13 Basic Types of Texts in English Full.pdf PDF

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SKILL R E A D I N G 13 TYPES OF TEXTS DEFINITION, EXAMPLES, AND ANALYSIS 13 TYPES OF TEXTS DESCRIPTION NARRATIONS ARGUMENTATION Descriptive Narrative Analytical Exposition Report Recount Hortatory Exposition Procedural News Item Discussion Explanation Spoof Review Anecdote A. DESCRIPTION 1. DESCRIPT...

Description

SKILL

R E A D I N G 13 TYPES OF TEXTS DEFINITION, EXAMPLES, AND ANALYSIS

13 TYPES OF TEXTS DESCRIPTION Descriptive Report Procedural Explanation Review

NARRATIONS Narrative Recount News Item Spoof Anecdote

ARGUMENTATION Analytical Exposition Hortatory Exposition Discussion

A. DESCRIPTION 1. DESCRIPTIVE Purpose to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.

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Generic Structure 1. Identification: It identifies a certain object to be described. 2. Descriptions: It describes the object in parts size, characteristics, or qualities.

(Dominant) Language Features 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adverb 4. Using special technical terms 5. Using attributive and identifying process. 6. Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group. Descriptive text is a text which describes a person, thing, place and certain condition in particular. According to www.sil.org, the example of descriptive text can be the appearance of a person, detail of location or requirement for employment. Commonly a descriptive text uses the first and third person pronoun as point of view. Descriptive text portrays the image which the writers catch and is transferred to the readers. Descriptive give detail explanation on how the specific thing, person, or place looks like. The way descriptive text composed is similar to report text. Both try more to show less than tell. However descriptive text tends to specify the described object while report text will describe the object in general. The goal of the descriptive text is transferring the experience of the writers. The experience can be what they see, read, or feel. Descriptive text commonly tries to reveal the image of certain person, place, animal, or thing. Commonly a descriptive text will describe a particular thing, place, or someone. A descriptive text is structured with general identification and followed by detail description. In Identification paragraph, descriptive text will explore to answer the question of who, what when and where. The detail description will include a description to answer how it looks, where it is sees, what it does, and what it make it special.

Example: Borobudur Temple Borobudur is Hindu – Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budhist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and stairways. The design of Borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia. Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people. 2. REPORT Purpose  to presents information about something, as it is in general.  to identify an object and describe the object or thing in its classification, class, group, species. 

Generic Structure 1. General classification 2. Description

(Dominant) Language Features 1. Introducing group or general aspect 2. Using conditional logical connection 3. Using Simple Present Tense

Report text tries to explain the detail of things as they are. Why is a text called a REPORT TEXT, and not other types? Well, because the text covers the structure of GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

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and DESCRIPTION. It often starts discussion with brief definition or classification about the thing discussed. A report will be very similar text with descriptive text. However if we see to the participant, we will be able to identify whether it is a report or descriptive text. But if we look from participants text alone, it looks whether the report or descriptive.

Example: Fax Machine Fax, the short term for facsimile is a telecommunications technology used to transfer copies (facsimiles) of documents, especially using affordable devices operating over the telephone network. The word telefax, short for telefacsimile, for “make a copy at a distance”, is also used as a synonym. The device is also known as a telecopier in certain industries. When sending documents to people at large distances, faxes have a distinct advantage over postal mail in that the delivery is nearly instant, yet its disadvantages in quality and its proprietary format have relegated it to a position beneath email as the prevailing form of electronic document transferral. 3. PROCEDURAL Purpose to help readers how to do or make something completely 

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Generic Structure 1. Goal/Aim 2. Materials/Equipments/Tools 3. Steps/Methods

(Dominant) Language Features 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using Imperatives sentence 3. Using adverb 4. Using technical terms Procedural text is one of genre in According to the generic structure, a procedure text is organized through sequenced arrangement, they are goal, equipment, and steps. All these elements, however, are not strictly applied to any instructional text. Some procedure text omit the material or equipment necessarily. The text is written intentionally to show the steps to completely do projects or things. Mostly, procedural text is composed through arranging paragraph into 3 elements. They are stating goal which is commonly found in the title, stating the material and equipment, and the last showing the steps which are needed to completely do the things. A procedural text is written in imperative sentences so you have to be very familiar with such imperative and prohibitive sentences. “How to cook” text is characterized by the detail of the ingredients needed at the beginning and continued by cooking direction. “How to use” text is an instruction text to operate something. In “how to use” text, the type of the equipment is usually described specifically because similar equipment with different type may have different procedure to use it. “How to make” text is characterized by detail of the tools and materials required at the beginning of the text and continued by step-by-step procedure to make the thing. Sometime, the text is completed with note and tips. The other kinds of procedural text are “How to wear” and “How to clean”

Example 1: How to Cook Pasta Boil some pasta, give some spaghetti sauce, then we will have the ideal meal for young adult. The way to boil pasta is very easy; we just need to follow these instructions below. First, we need to fill a large pot with¾ full of cold water. Then, we have to turn the burner of the stove to “High” and place the pot on it. We need to wait until the water in the pot boil. Then, add a tablespoon of salt. More pasta means more salt. Take the pasta and put it on the boiling water and stir it around. Boil the water once again. Read the instructions on the package and cook the pasta as long as it is instructed. We have to stir the pasta sometimes so that it will not stick to each other. To find out if the pasta is done, we can taste it at the earliest time instructed on the package. The texture should be tender but maybe still firm to the bite. When we still see a little ring of uncooked pasta, it means we have to wait for a minute or more before we remove it from the stove. When it is done, remove from the stove and pour it into a colander in the sink. We need to shake any excess water. To prevent pasta from sticking, we can add a couple drops of olive oil.

Example 2: How to Cook Omelet Here is the best omelet recipe. What we need and how to cook are shown you below Ingredients: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1 egg 1-tablespoon milk A pinch of salt A pinch of powdered pepper 1-tablespoon vegetable oil

Cooking direction: • Crack the egg into a bowl. • Put milk, salt, and pepper to the egg. • Beat the egg until mixed perfectly using a whisk or fork • Heat the pan on the stove over medium heat. • Spread vegetable oil on the surface of the pan. • Pour the egg on the pan and wait until the egg half cooked. • Fold the egg into half round and flip it. • Wait until the egg fully cooked. Flip if needed. • Take the omelet out of the pan and put it on the plate. • Serve omelet immediately Note: 1. You can add various ingredients to the egg mix such as onion, mushroom, vegetable, smoked beef, cheese, etc., to create different taste. 2. You can substitute vegetable oil with other oil or butter. 3. Milk will make the texture smooth. If you do not have milk or do not like milk, you can substitute it with 1-teaspoon of water. 4. EXPLANATION Purpose Generic Structure (Dominant) Language Features To explain the 1. General statement 1. Using Simple Present Tense processes involved in 2. Explanation 2. Using action verbs, and passive voice the formation or 3. Closing 3. Using adverbial phrase, and noun phrase working of natural or 4. Using technical terms socio cultural 5. Using general and abstract noun phenomena. 6. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.  What is an explanation text and how is the explanation text composed? Explanation text is structured by the generic level of general statement and followed with sequenced explanation.  Explanation text in some way is similar to procedure text. Explanation passage often make description about how something happens or why the thing occurs. Meanwhile a procedure text brings the instruction on how to make something happen completely. Explanation text often use technical terms related to the thing which is being explained. Explanation text is commonly compose in the mode of simple present tense.  Every text genre has its special purpose or social function. However if we see the generic structure point, we will get the understanding which both the explanation and procedure text have similar purposes. Both explain how to make or form something. However the procedure text will explain how to form or make something completely by instruction way. That is why most of procedure text is composed in command sentences. In the other hand, explanation text will show a knowledge about how thing is formed.  In one side, Explanation text is structure in the mode of description. It focuses on the thing which is explained. In the other side, Procedure text is constructed in the mode of instruction and commend. That is why Procedure is sometimes called instruction text. It focuses on the second person to explain how to form the thing.  The best discourse on how and what is explanation text is answering the question word “how” and “why”. Such question words need detail explanation on it relates. However, explanation text is written in narrative style and not instructional. If it is written for the purpose of instruction, then the text genre will be labeled as PROCEDURE.  Explanation text is compose to describe how something forms and why something exists and happens.

Example: How does Rain Happen? Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation. The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the Earth's surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. The water vapor rises into the Earth's atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow until they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can be in the form of rain or snow. However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is called virga, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions. Source: http://mypages.iit.edu/~smart/abduima/lesson2.htm

5. REVIEW Purpose to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience

Generic Structure 1. Orientation 2. Evaluation 3. Interpretative Recount 4. Evaluation 5. Evaluative Summation

(Dominant) Language Features 1. Focus on specific participants 2. Using adjectives 3. Using long and complex clauses 4. Using metaphor

Example: Online Shopping Software Internet makes great impacts on the way we do something, including running business. Formerly, business had to be physically conducted by face to face. Now days, it has changed. It may be conducted by computer to computer. This way is then what we call electronic commerce, or in short e-commerce. Since internet has spread and appeared trustful, many businessmen rely on it. They have ability to run their business in easy way, flexible place and time. They can sell and buy good and service from others in any scale, small or big business. The e-commerce software which merchants and buyer possibly do transactions through internet is shopping cart software. It is designed specially to run online store business. It helps merchants to manage their store through internet; from anywhere, any time and any internet connection. Commonly shopping cart software is completely supported with web optimization. It has been designed to have top page rank in any search engine tool. Besides that, the facilities such; customer support, security tool, fraud protection, web customization and handful operation will be included in a package of a good shopping cart software.

B. NARRATION 1. NARRATIVE Purpose to amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story

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Generic Structure (Dominant) Language Features 1. Orientation 1. Using Past Tense 2. Complication 2. Using action verb 3. Resolution 3. Chronologically arranged 4. Reorientation According to Madison Smart Bell - the narrative design - or what we call form or structure, is of first and final importance to any work of fiction. In that structure, we will find elements of story; characterization, point of view, theme and plot. Plot is the way of the story constructed. When we read a text, we can call it narrative as we see the following generic structure inside the text: o Orientation; the introduction of what is inside the text. What text is talk in general. Who involves in the text. When and where it happen. o Complication; what happens with the participants. It explores the conflict among the participants. Complication is the main element of narrative. Without complication, the text is not narrative. The conflict can be shown as natural, social or psychological conflict. o Resolution; this is the phase where the participants solve the problem aroused by the conflict. It is not matter whether the participants succeed or fail. The point is the conflict becomes ended. The text includes fable, fairy tale, myth, legend, folktales, and horror stories

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Fable is a story which depicts animals to speak and do like human. What is fairy tale? Commonly people call it fantasy story. It is about magic things, miracles, and other amazing happenings. Fairy tale is narrative story that involving fantasy characters in a fantasy world. The characters are such as fairies, dwarfs, elves, goblins, trolls, gnomes, giants, witches, and mermaids. In popular narrative use, myth is something that some people believe it but has no fact or scientific support. Myth is commonly associated with fictitious story and legend. Some stories involve Gods and Goddess, ghosts, and supernatural objects. At first glance these two models folk story - myth and legend - consider almost the same. But theoretically 2 story that people have differences that need to be known. The difference between myth and legend is as follows: o The myth is a story that is circulating in the community that is in the writing of the English "myth" usually regarding about matters relating to the unseen and often seem absurd mythology for Indonesia rice, especially Java community. o Legends is a story that circulated widely in the community who is with the origin of the place, like legend of Toba lake, the legendary city of Surabaya, etc. Legend is a story which has a relation to a place, thing, or an object. Though the story is debatable in the truth of the content, it keeps the the richness of certain society culture. A legend could be a true story or something with uncertainty. Sometime, it is included miracles and myth. Complication becomes the main element of narrative story. In this way then narrative text is best to take as telling story. So if you will attend a telling story competition, simply take one of the best narrative text in the form of legend. Most of narrative texts are story. The story is plotted in generic structure such as orientation, complication and resolution. The way the structure organized surely determines the attractiveness of whole story and that we call it as narrative text. The term "story" is referring to the events inside the narrative. It means that a story can be without a narrative sense. The fundamental element of narrative text is the existence of complications inside the story. A story with the absence of a problematic sense is what we call a recount text or in the job employment term, usually we call it personal narrative. For most long stories, the complication and resolution are not single. So we know there are major complication and minor complication. We also know that major resolution and minor resolution to solve the complex complication. Text genre narrative very close relation to other forms of folk story, such as: myth, legend, folk tales, fairy tales or fables. From all forms of the story, there is one equation that is the exploration of the problems being faced by the offender in developing a path or a story plot. Referring to the generic structure of a text, "problem" which is being faced by participants of the story we know as conflict, and to prepare the paragraph narrative, conflict occupies a major position even as a differentiation with other similar types of text, such as the recount. If you read the definition of recount text and narrative text, you will find some similarity between them. However the differences exist between them through the second element. Since narrative text is about complication, narrative text is about series of events. All narrative texts in whatever story forms should pass some complication. If there is not any complication, the story should NOT be labeled as narrative but it may be a recount text.

Example 1: The Dragon's Pearl Long ago on the top of Mount Kinabalu in Borneo, there lived a dragon. He owned a large and beautiful pearl. People believed that he controlled the weather with it. The emperor of China heard this and wanted the pearl. He sent his two sons, Wee Ping and Wee San to Borneo to steal it. The princes, together with one hundred soldiers, set sail for Borneo in twelve sailing junks. When they arrived in Borneo, they set out immediately to find the famous mountain. Their journey up the rugged slopes of Mount Kinabalu proved very difficult. The dragon guarded his cave very fiercely and killed many of their soldiers. Then Wee San had a clever idea. He climbed a tall tree, so he could see the dragon’s cave. He noted what time the dragon left his cave to hunt for food and what time he returned to it. Next he ordered his men to make a fake pearl and a large kite. He waited until the dragon left his cave. Then he placed the fake pearl in a bag, slung it across his shoulder and flew up to the mountain-top on the kite. He exchanged the real pearl for the fake one and then his brother pulled his kite back to the ground. The brothers quickly returned to their ships and set sail for China. They sailed safely home. The emperor was thrilled with the pearl and gave a big party to celebrate ...