2 General Physics Phys 1011 Module PDF

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Summary

Freshman course...

Description

Ministry of Sci Science ence and Higher E Education ducation Prepared By:    

Won Wondimagegn dimagegn Anjulo (Assistant P Professor, rofessor, Arba Arbaminch minch Unive University) rsity) Birha Birhanu nu Mengistu (PhD C Candidate, andidate, Haramaya University University)) Won Wondimeneh dimeneh Leul (MS (MSc, c, Hawass Hawassaa Unive Universi rsi rsity) ty) Ta Tamirat mirat Bekele (M (MSc, Sc, Addis Ababa Science and Technology Unive University) rsity)

October – 2019 Addis Ababa – Ethiopia

MODULE OVERVIEW The module provides students with a firm foundation in the role of physics in different science, technology and engineering fields together with mathematics and problem-solving skills. And also it prepares students to know the applications of physics in multidisciplinary areas that are at the forefront of technology in 21 st Century, such as agricultural and archeological sciences, health and medical sciences, earth and space sciences, electronics and electromagnetism, communication technology, energy systems, and other related engineering and science fields that require a very solid background in physics. This module will be taught in an introductory undergraduate level and is primarily designed for a broader audience of science students. The goal of the course is to give an overview of the various physics based analysis and dating techniques used in science and technology. High school mathematics and physics concepts are enough as prerequisite for this course. Laws, principles, and methods of physics will be taught in a more descriptive manner using simple mathematics. The course covers preliminaries, mechanics, fluid mechanics, electromagnetism and electronics, thermodynamics, oscillations and waves, and cross-cutting applications of physics in different areas of science and technology. For this course a total of 10 experiments relevant to Mechanics, Electricity and Magnetism, and Electronics will be carried out. I.

II.

III.

List of Experiments from Mechanics 

Measurements of basic constants, length, .mass and time



Free fall



Hook‘s law



Density of liquids



Simple pendulum

List of Experiments from Electricity and Magnetism 

Calibration of voltmeter and ammeter from galvanometer



Ohm‘s law, parallel and series combination of resistors

List of Experiments from electronics 

V-I characteristics of diode ii



Rectification



Logic gate

From these recommended experiments, at least six experiments to be performed. Simulation experiments from the Internet can be used to supplement laboratory activities whenever possible. Manuals for the experiments will be prepared at the respective Universities. It is recommended that the number of students per laboratory session to be between 25 and 30.

Module Objectives: Upon completion of this module students should be able to: 

Discuss basic physics by refreshing and summarizing the previous preparatory physics concepts before tackling the advanced physics courses.



Explain the kinematics and dynamics of particles in one and two dimensions.



State principles of fluids in equilibrium and solve problems applying Pascal‘s principle, Archimedes‘s, principles and Bernoulli‘s equation in various situations.



Explain the basic concepts of charges, fields and potentials.



Analyze direct and alternating current circuits containing different electric elements and solve circuit problems.



Demonstrate the use and the working system of cells (batteries), resistors, generators, motors and transformers.



Explain the first law of thermodynamics for a closed system and apply it to solve problems.



Discuss systems that oscillate with simple harmonic motion.



Explain the application of physics in different sciences and technology fields.



Apply and describe a variety of experimental techniques and grasp the general guidelines of laboratory.



Develop the skill of laboratory work.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In performing our module writing task, we had to take the help and guideline of some respected persons, who deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this assignment gives us much Pleasure. We would like to show our deepest gratitude to Dr. Eba Mijena, Director General for Academic and Research of Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MoSHE), for giving us a good guideline for write up and completion of the module throughout numerous consultations. We would also like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly participated in writing this module.

The Module Team October 26, 2019

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

MODULE OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................................... 1 PRELIMINARIES .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.

Physical Quantities and Measurement ...................................................................................... 1

1.1.1.

Physical quantities ............................................................................................................ 2

1.1.2.

SI Units: Basic and Derived Units..................................................................................... 3

1.1.3.

Conversion of Units .......................................................................................................... 3

1.2.

Uncertainty in Measurement and Significant Digits .................................................................. 4

1.2.1. 1.3.

Vectors: composition and resolution ......................................................................................... 8

1.3.1. B.

Vector Representation ...................................................................................................... 8

Geometric Method ........................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2.

B.

Significant digits .............................................................................................................. 6

Vector Addition................................................................................................................ 9

Parallelogram law of vector addition ................................................................................................ 9 1.3.3. 1.4.

Components of Vector ...................................................................................................... 9

Unit Vector ............................................................................................................................ 11

1.4.2.

Finding a Unit Vector ..................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................. 15 KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES ............................................................................ 15 2.1.

Kinematics in One and Two Dimensions ................................................................................ 16

2.1.1.

Displacement, velocity and Acceleration in 1D and 2D ................................................... 16

2.1.2.

Motion with Constant Acceleration................................................................................. 18

2.1.3.

Free Fall Motion ............................................................................................................. 21

2.1.4.

Projectile Motion ............................................................................................................ 22

2.2.

Particle Dynamics and Planetary Motion ................................................................................ 26

2.2.1.

The Concept of Force as A Measure of Interaction.......................................................... 27

2.2.2.

Type of Forces................................................................................................................ 27

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2.2.3.

Newton‘s Laws of Motion and Applications ................................................................... 29

2.2.4.

Uniform Circular Motion ................................................................................................ 37

2.2.5.

Newton‘s Law of Universal Gravitation .......................................................................... 38 Kepler‘s Laws, Satellites Motion and Weightlessness ......................................................... 40

2.2.6. 2.3.

Work, Energy and Linear Momentum .................................................................................... 43

2.3.1.

Work and Energy ........................................................................................................... 44

2.3.2.

Power ............................................................................................................................. 50

2.3.3.

Linear Momentum .......................................................................................................... 51

2.3.4.

Collisions ....................................................................................................................... 53

2.3.5.

Center of Mass ............................................................................................................... 56

CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................................... 62 FLUID MECHNICS.............................................................................................................................. 62 3.1.

Properties of Bulk Matter ....................................................................................................... 62

3.2.

Density and Pressure in Static Fluids ...................................................................................... 68

3.3.

Buoyant Force and Archimedes‘ Principles ............................................................................ 70

3.3.1. 3.4.

Archimedes‘ principle .................................................................................................... 72

Moving Fluids and Bernoulli Equations (Fluid Dynamics)...................................................... 73

3.4.1.

Bernoulli‘s Equation....................................................................................................... 74

CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................. 80 HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS ..................................................................................................... 80 4.1.

The concept of Temperature and the Zeroth law of Thermodynamics ..................................... 80

4.2.

Thermal Expansion ................................................................................................................ 83

4.3.

The Concept of Heat, Work and Internal Energy .................................................................... 85

4.4.

Specific Heat and Latent Heat ................................................................................................ 86

4.5.

Heat Transfer Mechanisms ..................................................................................................... 89

4.6.

The First Law of Thermodynamics ......................................................................................... 92

CHAPTER FIVE................................................................................................................................... 99 OSCILLATIONS, WAVES AND OPTICS ........................................................................................... 99 5.1.

Simple Harmonic Motion ....................................................................................................... 99

5.1.1.

Periodic and Oscillatory Motion ................................................................................... 100

5.1.2.

Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration in a SHM ...................................................... 103

5.2.

The simple Pendulum ........................................................................................................... 104 vi

5.3.

Wave and Its Characteristics ................................................................................................ 106

5.4.

Resonance ............................................................................................................................ 108

5.5.

The Doppler Effect............................................................................................................... 108

5.6.

Image Formation by Thin Lenses and Mirrors ...................................................................... 111

CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................................... 119 ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ELECTRONICS ............................................................................... 119 6.1.

Coulomb‘s Law and Electric Fields ...................................................................................... 120

6.2.

Electric Potential .................................................................................................................. 125

6.3.

Current, Resistance and Ohm‘s Law ..................................................................................... 130

6.4.

Electrical Energy and Power ................................................................................................ 134

6.5.

Equivalent Resistance and Kirchhoff‘s Rule ......................................................................... 134

6.6.

Magnetic Field and Magnetic Flux ....................................................................................... 140

6.7.

Electromagnetic Induction.................................................................................................... 144

6.8.

Insulators, Conductors and Semiconductors .......................................................................... 146

6.9.

Diodes ................................................................................................................................. 154

6.10.

Transistors ....................................................................................................................... 158

CHAPTER SEVEN ............................................................................................................................. 166 CROSS CUTTING APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICS ........................................................................... 166 7.1.

Physics in Agriculture and Environment ............................................................................... 168

7.2.

Physics in Industries ............................................................................................................. 172

7.3.

Physics in Health Sciences and Medical Imaging .................................................................. 173

7.3.

Physics and Archeology ....................................................................................................... 177

7.4.

Application in Earth and Space Sciences .............................................................................. 181

7.5.

Applications in Power Generation ........................................................................................ 184

REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................... 193

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CHAPTER ONE PRELIMINARIES The word physics comes from the Greek word meaning ―nature‖. Today physics is treated as the base for science and have various applications for the ease of life. Physics deals with matter in relation to energy and the accurate measurement of natural phenomenon. Thus physics is inherently a science of measurement. The fundamentals of physics form the basis for the study and the development of engineering and technology. Measurement consists of the comparison of an unknown quantity with a known fixed quantity. The quantity used as the standard of measurement is called ‗unit‘. For example, a vegetable vendor weighs the vegetables in terms of units like kilogram. Learning Objectives: At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: 

Explain physics.



Describe how SI base units are defined.



Describe how derived units are created from base units.



Express quantities given in SI units using metric prefixes.



Describe the relationships among models, theories, and laws.



Know the units used to describe various physical quantities.

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Become familiar with the prefixes used for larger and smaller quantities.



Master the use of unit conversion (dimensional analysis) in solving problems.



Understand the relationship between uncertainty and the number of significant figures in a number.

1.1.

Physical Quantities and Measurement

Self Diagnostic Test: 

Why do we need measurement in physics and our day-to-day lives?



Give the names and abbreviations for the basic physical quantities and their corresponding SI units.



What do you mean by a unit?

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Definitions: Physical quantity is a quantifiable or assignable property ascribed to a particular phenomenon or body, for instance the length of a rod or the mass of a body. Measurement is the act of comparing a physical quanti...