General Biology 2 Quarter 2 Module 2 PDF

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NOTGeneral Biology 2Quarter 2 - Module 2COMPARE AND CONTRASTPROCESSES IN PLANTS AND ANIMALSDepartment of Education ● Republic of the PhilippinesGovernment PropertyNOT FOR SALE Senior HighSchoolGENERAL BIOLOGY 2Earth Science- Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 - Module 2: Compare and Contra...

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Government Property

NOT FOR SALE

Senior High School

NOT

General Biology 2 Quarter 2 - Module 2 COMPARE AND CONTRAST PROCESSES IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines 1

Earth Science- Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 - Module 2: Compare and Contrast Processes in Plants and Animals First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalty. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V Development Team of the Module Author: Reviewers: Jean S. Macasero, Shirley Merida, Duque Caguindangan, Eleanor Rollan, Rosemarie Dullente, Marife Ramos, January Gay Valenzona, Mary Sieras, Arnold Langam, Amelito Bucod Illustrators and Layout Artists: Jessica Bunani Cuňado, Kyla Mae L. Duliano Management Team Chairperson:

Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, Ph.D., CESO V Schools Division Superintendent

Co-Chairperson:

Alicia E. Anghay, Ph.D., CESE Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Members

Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief Jean S. Macasero, EPS- Science Joel D. Potane, LRMDS Manager Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II Gemma Pajayon, PDO II Evelyn Q. Sumanda, School Head Cely B. Labadan, School Head

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro Telefax: (08822)855-0048 E-mail Address: [email protected]

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Senior High School

General 2 Quarter 2 - Module 2: Compare and Contrast Processes in Plants and Animals

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@ deped.gov.ph. We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines 3

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Table of Contents What This Module is About........................................................................................................................ i What I Need to Know................................................................................................................................... ii How to Learn from this Module................................................................................................................ii Icons of this Module....................................................................................................................................iii What I Know.................................................................................................................................................iii

First Quarter Lesson 1: Reproduction and Development What I Need to Know......................................................................................................12 What’s I Know: Definition of Terms............................................................................12 What New............................................................................................................................12 What is It: Leaning Concepts………………………………………………………….13 What’s More: ……………….………………………………………………………….14

Lesson 2: Nutrition What I Need to Know......................................................................................................16 What’s I Know: Definition of Terms............................................................................17 What’s New: .....................................................................................................................17 What’s Is It: Learning Concepts …………………………………………………..18-20 What’s More: ....................................................................................................................20 What I’ve Learned………………………………….........................................20

Lesson 3: Gas Exchange What I Need to Know......................................................................................................21 What I Know: Definition of Terms...............................................................................21 What’s New:......................................................................................................................22 What is It: Learning Concepts…………………………………………………….23-24 What I Have Learned: ………………………………………………………………….24

Lesson 4: Transport and Circulation What I Need to Know......................................................................................................25 What I know: Definition of Terms................................................................................25

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What’s New: .....................................................................................................................26 What is It: Learning Concept………………………………………………….27-29

Lesson 5: Regulation of Body Fluids What I Need to Know......................................................................................................30 What’s New: .....................................................................................................................30 What Is It: Learning Concepts.....................................................................................31 What’s More: …………………………..…………………………………………….32

Lesson 6: Immune Systems What I Need to Know......................................................................................................33 What’s New: .....................................................................................................................33 What Is It: Learning Concepts.....................................................................................34 What’s More: Evolution Evidences………………………………………………….37

Lesson 7: Chemical and Nervous Control What I Need to Know......................................................................................................38 What I Know: Definition of Terms...............................................................................38 What’s New: .....................................................................................................................39 What is It: Learning Concepts………………………………………………………39-41 What’s More: ....................................................................................................................42

Lesson 8: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms What I Need to Know......................................................................................................43 What I Know: Definition of Terms...............................................................................43 What’s New: .....................................................................................................................44 What is It: Learning Concept………………………………………………….44-45 What’s More: Essay........................................................................................................46

Lesson 9: Feedback Mechanisms What I Need to Know......................................................................................................47 What I Know: Definition of Terms...............................................................................47 What’s New:......................................................................................................................47 What is It: Learning Concepts………………………………………………………48 What’s More:.....................................................................................................................48

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References................................................................................................................................................... 49

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Module 2 Compare and Contrast Processes in Plants and Animals What This Module is About This module demonstrates your understanding of the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life, particularly on the essential components of this planet that drives all living things or biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) to exist. It also emphasizes on the different subsystems (geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere) that make up the Earth and how these systems interact to produce the kind of Earth we live in today. This module will help you explore the key concepts on topics that will help you answer the questions pertaining to our very own, planet earth. This module has eleven (10) lessons:         

Lesson 1: Reproduction and Development Lesson 2: Nutrition Lesson 3: Gas Exchange Lesson 4: Transport and Circulation Lesson 5: Regulation of Body Fluids Lesson 6: Immune Systems Lesson 7: Chemical and Nervous Control Lesson 8: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms Lesson 9: Feedback Mechanisms

What I Need to Know After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/ circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory and motor mechanisms. STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1 2. Explain how some organisms maintain steady internal conditions (e.g., temperature regulation, osmotic balance and glucose levels) that possess various structures and processes. STEM_BIO11/12-IVi-j-2

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How to Learn from this Module To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following: •

Take your time reading the lessons carefully.

•

Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.

•

Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module What I Need to Know

This part contains learning objectives that are set for you to learn as you go along the module.

What I know

This is an assessment as to your level of knowledge to the subject matter at hand, meant specifically to gauge prior related

What’s In

What’s New

knowledge This part connects previous lesson with that of the current one.

An introduction of the new lesson through various activities, before it will be presented to you

What is It

These are discussions of the activities as a way to deepen your discovery and understanding of the concept.

What’s More

These are follow-up activities that are intended for you to practice further in order to master the competencies.

What I Have Learned

Activities designed to process what you have learned from the lesson

What I can do

These are tasks that are designed to showcase your skills and knowledge gained, and applied into real-life concerns and situations.

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II

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Lesson

1

Reproduction and Development

What I need to know Learning Competency Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction and development. (STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1) At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: • differentiate asexual from sexual reproduction; and • describe different modes of sexual and asexual reproduction • describe the different stages of animal development • describe human reproductive organ systems • enumerate the different types of reproductive cycles • describe double fertilization in flowering plants; and • explain processes in plant development.

What I know Definition of Terms: 1. Asexual Reproduction11. Haploid 2. Sexual Reproduction 12. Diploid 3. Fission 13. Gametogenesis 4. Fragmentation 14. Fertilization 5. Budding 15. Cleavage 6. Sporulation 16. Gastrulation 7. Isogamy 17. Organogenesis 8. Heterogamy 18. Growth 9. Bisexual Reproduction 19. Folicular phase 10. Development 20. Ovulation

What’s new PRE-ACTIVITY: 1. Differentiate Asexual Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction.

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2. Identify the types of asexual reproduction and give examples. Types of Asexual Reproduction

Examples

1. 2. 3. 4. 3. Summarize the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

Number of Parents Involved Gametes Genetic offspring

composition

of

What’s is it INTRODUCTION: Development is the process by which a multicellular organism, beginning with a single cell, goes through a series of changes, taking on the successive forms that characterize its life cycle. Animal and Plant Development

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FOUR KEY PROCESSES UNDERLIE DEVELOPMENT The developmental changes an organism undergoes as it progresses from an embryo to mature adulthood involve four processes:  Determination sets the developmental fate of a cell—what type of cell it will become—even before any characteristics of that cell type are observable. For example, in a developing mammalian embryo, as well as in some adult organs, there are mesenchymal stem cells that look unspecialized. But their fate to become muscle, fat, tendon, or other connective tissue cells has already been determined.  Differentiation is the process by which different types of cells arise from less specialized cells, leading to cells with specific structures and functions. For example, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to become the cells listed above.  Morphogenesis (Greek for “origin of form”) is the organization and spatial distribution of differentiated cells into the multicellular body and its organs. Morphogenesis can occur by cell division, cell expansion (especially in plants), cell movements, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).  Growth is the increase in size of the body and its organs by cell division and cell expansion. Growth can occur by an increase in the number of cells or by the enlargement of existing cells. Growth continues throughout the individual’s life in some organisms, but reaches a more or less stable end point in others. https://www.macmillanhighered.com/BrainHoney/Resource/6716/digital_first_content/trunk/test/hi llis2e/hillis2e_ch14_2.html HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Organ system by which humans reproduce and bear live offspring. Provided all organs are present, normally constructed, and functioning properly, the essential features of human reproduction are (1) liberation of an ovum, or egg, at a specific time in the reproductive cycle, (2) internal fertilization of the ovum by spermatozoa, or sperm cells, (3) transport of the fertilized ovum to the uterus, or womb, (4) implantation of the blastocyst, the early embryo developed from the fertilized ovum, in the wall of the uterus, (5) formation of a placenta and maintenance of the unborn child during the 15

entire period of gestation, (6) birth of the child and expulsion of the placenta, and (7) suckling and care of the child, with an eventual return of the maternal organs to virtually their original state.

What’s more ACTIVITY: 1. Identify and Describe the types of Life cycles. Types of Life Cycles

Description

1. 2. 3.

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Lesson

Nutrition 2 What I need to know

Learning Competency: Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: Nutrition. (STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1) Specific Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: • define nutrient and cite the nutritional requirements of plants and animals • enumerate and describe the main stages of food processing; • describe the organs involved in food processing in the human digestive system and their roles; • summarize the mechanisms of digestion, absorption, and delivery of nutrients into cells;

What I know PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms 17

1. Nutrient 2. Autotrophs 3. Heterotrophs 4. Symplast route 5. Apoplasts route 6. Root hairs 7. Root nodules 8. Mycorrhizae (singular, mycorrhiza 9. Calorie 10. Carbohydrates

11. Proteins 12. Fats 13. Amino acids 14. Fatty acids 15. Phagocytosis 16. Pinocytosis 17. Digestive system 18. Endocytosis 19. Ingestion 20. Digestion

What’s new PRE-ACTIVITY:

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21. Absorption 22. Elimination

https://www.evolvingsciences.com/Photosynthesis%20worksheet%20.html

What’s is it INTRODUCTION: PLANT NUTRITION 19

Nutrient – refers to any substance required for the growth and maintenance of an organism. The two types of organisms based on the mode of nutrition are: A. autotrophs – organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and chemicals to produce their own food. Examples: plants; chemosynthetic bacteria. B. heterotrophs – organisms that cannot make their own food and obtain their energy from other organisms. Examples: animals, fungi. The nutritional requirements of plants: A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.

water carbon dioxide Further, note that water and carbon dioxide are the raw materials needed for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert the energy from sunlight into chemical energy. essential nutrients or elements – which include macronutrients which are normally required in amounts above 0.5% of the plant’s dry weight; and micronutrients which are required in minute or trace amounts; examples of macronutrients: C, H, O, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S examples of micronutrients: Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Co, Mo

The routes for the absorption of water and minerals across plant roots: A. symplast route – through plasmodesmata B. apoplast route – along cell walls Note that the water and minerals from the soil need to reach the conducting tissues of plants, specifically the xylem ANIMAL NUTRITION A Calorie is a unit of energy that indicates the amount of energy contained in food. It specifically refers to the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg (2.2 lb.) of water by 1oC (1.8oF). The greater the number of Calories in a quantity of food, the greater energy it contains (Johnson and Raven, 1996). THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF ANIMALS: I. Carbohydrates – serve as a major energy source for the cells in the body. These are usually obtained from grains, cereals, breads, fruits, and vegetables. On average, carbohydrates contain 4 Calories per gram. II. Proteins – can also be used as an energy source but the body mainly uses these as building materials for cell structures and as enzymes, hormones, parts of muscles, and bones. Proteins come from dairy products, poultry, fish, meat, and grains. Like carbohydrates, proteins also contain 4 Calories per gram. III. Fats – are used to build cell membranes, steroid hormones, and other cellular structures; also used to insulate nervous tissue, and also serve as an energy source. Fats also contain certain fat- soluble vitamins that are important for good health. Fats are obtained from oils, margarine, butter, f...