General Biology 2 Module 1 answers PDF

Preview

Summary

Kamille A. Buenafe Grade 12 – STEM AGENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Quarter 1 - Module 1 GENETICSLesson 1: Genetic EngineeringWhat I Know Definition of Terms: 1. Genetic Engineering - is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. 2. DNA - or deoxyribonucleic...

Description

Kamille A. Buenafe

Grade 12 – STEM A

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Quarter 1 - Module 1 GENETICS Lesson 1: Genetic Engineering What I Know Definition of Terms: 1. Genetic Engineering - is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. 2. DNA - or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. 3. Recombinant DNA - molecules of DNA from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry. 4. Plasmids – are small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. 5. Cloning - the production of an exact copy—specifically, an exact genetic copy—of a gene, cell, or organism. 6. Genome - an organism's complete set of genetic instructions. 7. Gene Mapping - is the process of establishing the locations of genes on the chromosomes. 8. Biotechnology - technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet. 9. Polymerase Chain Reaction - a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail. 10. Gene Therapy - a medical field which focuses on the utilization of the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acids into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease. What’s New PRE-ACTIVITY: 1. How organisms may be modified? - Organisms may be modified with the use of genetic engineering technology by manipulating its genetic material. 2. Enumerate plants and animals that have desirable or enhanced traits and how each of the traits was introduced or developed. Modifying Technique ex. Classical Breeding, Recombinant DNA Technology. ENHANCED TRAIT

MODIFYING TECHNIQUE

Example: Flavr-Savr (Delayed Ripening Tomatoes)

Recombinant DNA Technology

1. Corn (Insect resistance)

1. Recombinant DNA Technology

2. Soybean (Herbicide tolerance)

2. Recombinant DNA Technology

3. Canola (Altered fatty acid composition)

3. Recombinant DNA Technology

4. Plum (Virus resistance)

4. Recombinant DNA Technology

5. Cotton crop (Insect resistance)

5. Recombinant DNA Technology

What’s More Poster Making: Create a poster on the steps and other methods involved in recombinant DNA. (next page ma’am)

What I’ve Learned POST QUIZ 1. Determine which technologies are most appropriate for which cell types. TECHNOLOGY 1. Biolistics 2. Electroporation 3. Biolistics 4. Heat Shock Treatment 5. Electroporation

CELL TYPE Plant cells Mammalian cells Plant cells Bacterial cells Mammalian cells

What I Can Do PERFORMANCE TASK: Research on the pros and cons of genetic engineering. Present your information on a tabular form. PROS 1. It can improve the nutrition, taste, and growth rate of crops. 2. It can lead to crops which have natural pest resistance. 3. It can help use to begin producing new foods. 4. It is a process that could improve human health at the cellular level. 5. It can boost the positive traits in every life form. 6. It can be used to help current food resources to begin producing more of them. 7. It would help to improve the quality of the soil. 8. It follows the same processes we already use to create new resources. 9. It would reduce the cost of food for the average household. 10. It would ensure that our food supply remains accessible. 11. It gives us access to additional products that are useful. 12. It allows patients to be treated with their own cells. 13. It can be used to improve our current pharmaceuticals. 14. It can increase the number of croplands we have available.

CONS 1. It can increase the number of croplands we have available. 2. It creates the potential for problematic pathogens. 3. It creates the potential for unwanted side effects. 4. It would create an unfavorable level of diversity. 5. It could create unpredictable outcomes. 6. It might make it possible for companies to copyright our food. 7. It can put agricultural workers at risk for financial harm. 8. It can reduce the amount of diversity in our food supply. 9. It could be used for abusive purposes. 10. It could interact negatively with other species. 11. It could create new diseases.

Lesson 2: Discuss the Applications of Recombinant DNA What I Know PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms 1. Clone - copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original. 2. Plasmids - are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA. 3. Biotechnology - technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet. 4. PCR Amplification - is the selective amplification of DNA or RNA targets using the polymerase chain reaction. 5. Detection - act of detecting, discovery, the laying open of what was concealed or hidden or of what tends to elude observation. 6. Modified trait - introduction of new traits to an organism by making changes directly to its genetic makeup, e.g. DNA, through intervention at the molecular level. 7. Human Genome - a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. 8. Genetic Modified Organism - is an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. What’s new PRE-ACTIVITY: Designer Genes Work 1. How does DNA replicate?

-

Replication occurs in three major steps: the opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands, the priming of the template strand, and the assembly of the new DNA segment. During separation, the two strands of the DNA double helix uncoil at a specific location called the origin. 2. What is Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)? - Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. This creates combinations of plant, animal, bacteria, and virus genes that do not occur in nature or through traditional crossbreeding methods. What I’ve Learned POST QUIZ: 1. Discuss how PCR may be used for the detection of disease-causing pathogens in a population during the COVID Pandemic. - The PCR test on blood and urine samples is capable of detecting the virus in the early stages of the disease, resulting in early diagnosis and subsequent isolation of infected patients to block transmission. 2. Discuss how the cloning and expression of certain genes allows for massive production of the desired product. - Cloning allows for the creation of multiple copies of genes, expression of genes, and study of specific genes. Inside the host cell the recombinant DNA undergoes replication; thus, a bacterial host will give rise to a colony of cells containing the cloned target gene. Various screening methods may be used to identify such colonies, enabling them to be selected and cultured. Gene cloning facilitates DNA sequencing; it also enables large quantities of a desired protein product to be produced. Human insulin, for example, is now produced by bacteria containing the cloned insulin gene. Lesson 3: History of Life on Earth What I Know PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms 1. Precambrian - of, relating to, or being the earliest era of geologic history or the corresponding system of rocks that is characterized especially by the appearance of single-celled organisms and is equivalent to the Archean and Proterozoic eons 2. Paleozoic - of, relating to, originating in, or being an era of geologic history that extends from the beginning of the Cambrian to the close of the Permian and is marked by the culmination of nearly all classes of invertebrates except the insects and in the later epochs by the appearance of terrestrial plants, amphibians, and reptiles 3. Mesozoic - of, relating to, or being an era of geologic history comprising the interval between the Permian and the Tertiary or the corresponding system of rocks that was marked by the presence of dinosaurs, marine and flying reptiles, ammonites, ferns, and gymnosperms and the appearance of angiosperms, mammals, and birds 4. Cenozoic - of, relating to, or being an era of geologic history that extends from the beginning of the Tertiary period to the present time and is marked by a rapid evolution of mammals and birds and of angiosperms and especially grasses and by little change in the invertebrates 5. Epoch - an event or a time marked by an event that begins a new period or development 6. Cambrian - of, relating to, or being the earliest geologic period of the Paleozoic era or the corresponding system of rocks marked by fossils of nearly every major invertebrate animal group 7. Ordovician - of, relating to, or being the period between the Cambrian and the Silurian or the corresponding system of rocks 8. Silurian - of, relating to, or being a period of the Paleozoic era between the Ordovician and Devonian or the corresponding system of rocks marked by numerous eurypterid crustaceans and the appearance of the first land plants 9. Devonian - of, relating to, or being the period of the Paleozoic era between the Silurian and the Mississippian or the corresponding system of rocks 10. Carboniferous - of, relating to, or being the period of the Paleozoic era between the Devonian and the Permian or the corresponding system of rocks that includes coal beds 11. Permian - of, relating to, or being the last period of the Paleozoic era or the corresponding system of rocks 12. Triassic - of, relating to, or being the earliest period of the Mesozoic era or the corresponding system of rocks marked by the first appearance of the dinosaurs...