General Biology Module PDF

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የሳይንስና ከፍተኛ ትምህርት ሚኒስቴር Ministry of Science and Higher Education- Ethiopia

Module for General Biology (Biol. 1012)

Module Writers Tegenu Gelana (PhD) …………… Addis Ababa University Baye Sitotaw (PhD) ………………. Bahir Dar University Zufan Bedewi (PhD) …………… Hawasa University Kedir Arebo (PhD) ……………… Defense University Mulugeta Desta (PhD) ………….... Haramaya University Samuel Getachew (MSc) ………… Mizan-Tepi University Abiyu Enyew (Ass. Prof) ……….... University of Gondar Wondimu Ersino (MSc) …………. Wachamo University

November, 2019 Addis Ababa

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Preface The primary goal of this module is to provide the basic information about general biology. Biology is an introductory college text that covers the concepts and principles from the structure and function of the cell to the organization of the biosphere. It draws up on the entire world of living things to bring out an evolutionary theme that is introduced from the start. The writing style and clarity of this module make it appropriate for use by liberal students; it gives an opportunity for the reader participate in scientific analysis, as notable practical‘s/ investigations are mentioned, and significant experiments and laboratory works are fully explained. These all are also followed by self-testing questions, which encourage students to use scientific methodology in order to think critically.

Team members

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Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................... 2 Module Objectives .................................................................................................................. 7 Acknowledgements................................................................................................................. 8 Unit ............................................................................................................................................. 9 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 9 1.1

The meaning and scope of biology .............................................................................. 9

1.2

The origin and nature of life ...................................................................................... 10

1.3

Scientific methods ..................................................................................................... 12

Unit ........................................................................................................................................... 15 2. Biological Molecules............................................................................................................ 15 1.4

Carbohydrates ............................................................................................................ 15

1.5

Lipids ......................................................................................................................... 20

1.6

Proteins ...................................................................................................................... 22

1.7

Nucleic acids.............................................................................................................. 23

1.8

Vitamins..................................................................................................................... 25

1.9

Water .......................................................................................................................... 25

1.10

Minerals ..................................................................................................................... 26

Unit ........................................................................................................................................... 28 3. The cellular basis of life ....................................................................................................... 28 3.1 The cell theory ................................................................................................................ 28 3.1.1 Cell organelles ............................................................................................................. 29 3.1.2 Structure and function of organelles ............................................................................ 30 3.1.3 Cellular diversity.......................................................................................................... 44 3.1.3.1 Cell Shape ............................................................................................................. 44 3.1.3.2 Cell Size ................................................................................................................ 45 3.1.4 Transport across the cell membranes ....................................................................... 45 Unit 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 55 Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders ........................................................................ 55 4.1 Cellular metabolism ........................................................................................................ 55 4.1.1 Enzymes and their role in metabolism ..................................................................... 57 3

4.1.2 Chemical nature and classification of enzymes ....................................................... 58 4.1.3 Mechanisms of enzyme action ................................................................................. 60 4.1.4 Factors affecting enzymatic activities ...................................................................... 61 4.1.5 Enzyme inhibitors .................................................................................................... 63 4.2 Bioenergetics and biosynthesis ....................................................................................... 65 4.2.1 Cellular respiration ................................................................................................... 65 4.2.2 Biosynthesis ............................................................................................................. 75 4.2.2.1The photosynthetic apparatus................................................................................. 78 4.2.2.2 The photosynthetic process ................................................................................... 81 4.3 Metabolic disorders, diagnosis and treatments ............................................................... 85 4.3.1. Risk factors of metabolic disorders......................................................................... 86 4.3.2 Diagnosis of metabolic disorders ............................................................................. 87 4.3.3 Treatments of metabolic disorders ........................................................................... 87 Unit 5 ........................................................................................................................................ 89 Genetics and Evolution ............................................................................................................ 89 5.1 Basic Principles of Mendelian genetics and patterns of inheritance .............................. 91 5.2 Molecular genetics and inheritance ................................................................................ 93 5.2.1 DNA, Gene, Chromosomes and Cell division ......................................................... 93 5.3 Protein synthesis ............................................................................................................. 99 5.1.2 ABO blood groups and Rh Factors ........................................................................ 107 5.4 Introduction to Evolution .............................................................................................. 111 5.4.1 Theories on the origin of life on Earth....................................................................... 111 5.4.2 Theories of Evolution ................................................................................................ 114 Unit 6 ...................................................................................................................................... 117 Infectious diseases and Immunity .......................................................................................... 117 6.1 Principles of infectious diseases ................................................................................... 118 6.2 Types of infectious disease and their causative agent ............................................... 122 6.2.1 Bacteria .................................................................................................................. 122 6.2.2 Viruses ................................................................................................................... 123 6.2.3

Fungi ................................................................................................................. 125

6.2.3

Protozoa ............................................................................................................ 126 4

6.2.4

Helminths ......................................................................................................... 126

6.2.6. Prions .................................................................................................................... 127 6.3 Modes of transmission .............................................................................................. 128 6.4. Host defenses against infectious diseases ................................................................ 129 6.5. Adverse immune reactions (responses) .................................................................... 136 6.5.1. Hypersensitivity reactions ..................................................................................... 137 6.5.2. Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease ............................................................... 142 6.5.3. Immune Deficiencies ............................................................................................ 145 6.6. Tumor Immunolology .............................................................................................. 146 6.6.1. Evidence for immune reactivity to tumor ............................................................. 147 6.6.2. Tumor associated antigens .................................................................................... 148 Unit 7............................................................................................................................... 149 Taxonomy of organisms ......................................................................................................... 149 7.1 Early Attempts to Classify Organisms ......................................................................... 151 7.2 Modern Views of Classification (Schemes of Classification) ...................................... 153 7.3 Domains of Life and the Hierarchical System of Classification .................................. 156 7.4 Binomial Nomenclature ................................................................................................ 160 7.4.1. The Purpose of giving names to organisms .......................................................... 160 7.5 Operative Principles of Nomenclature .......................................................................... 163 Unit 8 ...................................................................................................................................... 165 Ecology and Conservation of Natural Resources (3 Hrs) ...................................................... 165 8.1 Definition of ecological terms and Basic concepts of Ecology .................................... 165 8.2 Branches of ecology...................................................................................................... 168 8.3 Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems ............................................................................... 170 8.4 Energy flow through ecosystems .................................................................................. 177 8.4.1 The food chains.......................................................................................................... 177 8.5 Cycling of Materials (Nutrients) ................................................................................... 183 8.6 Conservation of natural resources................................................................................. 189 8.6.1 Principles of conservation of natural resources ......................................................... 189 8.7 Environmental pollution and public health................................................................... 191 Unit 9 ...................................................................................................................................... 209 5

Introduction to Botany and Zoology ...................................................................................... 209 9.1 Introduction to Botany .................................................................................................. 209 9.1.1 Algology................................................................................................................. 209 9.1.2 Bryology and Pteridology ...................................................................................... 211 9.1.3 Seed plants ............................................................................................................. 213 9.2 Introduction to zoology................................................................................................. 215 9.2.1 Invertebrates ........................................................................................................... 215 9.2.1.1 General Characteristics of Invertebrates ............................................................. 215 9.2.1.2 Classification of Invertebrates ............................................................................ 216 9.2.1.3 Services Provided by Invertebrates ..................................................................... 222 9.2.2 Subphylum Vertebrates .......................................................................................... 224 9.2.2.1 Classification of Vertebrates ............................................................................... 224 Unit 10 .................................................................................................................................... 233 Applications of Biological Sciences....................................................................................... 233 10.1 Application of Biology in medicine and other health sciences (Fast diagnosis tools, drug and vaccine production, gene therapy, immuno-diagnosis, immunotherapy, transplantation, medicinal plants, etc) ................................................................................ 233 10.2 The application of Biology in technology .................................................................. 235 10.3 Application of Biology in agriculture (soil fertility, tissue culture, animal breeding and transgenic animals, plant disease and pest management) ................................................... 236 10.4 Application of Biology in industries (Food, brewery, pharmaceuticals, tannery and textile, single cell production, preservation) ....................................................................... 239 10.5 Application of Biology in waste treatments and recycling (Bioenergy, bioremediation, water treatment, biomining) ................................................................................................ 240 10.6 Application of Biology in forensic Science ................................................................ 240 10.7 Biological warfare....................................................................................................... 240

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Module Objectives At the end of the course, the student will be able to:  Explain the scope of biology and molecular basis of life  Describe life activities from the cellular point of view  Manipulate basic biological tool, record data and draw conclusions  Develop scientific attitude, skill and conduct biological experiments using scientific procedures  Outline basic processes of energy transduction and synthesis of intermediate or final products in living cells  Understand the basic concepts of genetics and inheritance  Understand the concepts of infection and immunity  Classify organisms based on their cellular organization and complexity  Explain components, processes and interrelationships within a given ecosystem  Know the general features of invertebrate and vertebrate animals  Appreciate the practical uses of biological knowledge and its application in the wider society

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Acknowledgements

The module writing team would like to thank Dr. Eba Mijena, Director General for Academic and Research; Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MoSHE), for his guidance in the write up. The team would also like to extend our deepest gratitude to all who had direct and indirect participation in writing of this module.

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Unit 1. Introduction Dear learner! Welcome to this module which deals about the course, General Biology (Biol. 1012). This module chapter is primarily intended for natural science students to familiarize with basic concepts of biological science, the nature and origin of life, scientific methods and the subject matter of biology. I hope you will find it interesting!

Learning Objectives: After completing this chapter, you will be expected to:

 define the term biology  explain scientific methods  know the origin and the nature of life 1.1 The meaning and scope of biology Self-test:1. Do you know the meaning and the scope of Biology? Discuss it 2. Explain the origin and the nature of life 3. What are the branches of biology?

Biological Sciences is the study of life and living organisms. It is also called as ―Biology‖. The Greek word ‗bio‘ means life and ‗logos‘ means study of. In the late 1700s Pierre-Antoine de Monet and Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck coined the term biology. Earlier study of living things was restricted to the pure Science like Botany and Zoology that together comprise the Biology, but as the time passed new branches evolved. New technologies developed in pure subjects as well as in applied fields, which gave rise to a very broad concept of science called Biological Sciences. Biological Sciences is an extensive study covering the minute workings of chemical substances inside living cells to the broad scale concepts of ecosystems and global environmental changes. It is also concerned with the physical characteristics and behaviors of organisms living today and long ago. How they came into existence and what relation they possess with each other and their environments? Intimate study of details of the human brain, the composition of our genes, and even the functioning of our reproductive system are dealt in Biological sciences.

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Therefore, Biology is the science of Living Things. That is why Biology is sometimes known as Life Science. The life sciences can be defined as ―a systematic study of living beings or study of nature‖. Teaching of life Science basically deals with providing information about the latest developments in the field of Biological sciences all over the world. 1.2 The origin and nature of life Self-test:1. Explain the origin and the nature of life 2. What are the Scientific Methods?

One of the biggest and most important of emergent phenomena is that of the origin or emergence of life. The mystery of ...