General Chemistry 1 Quarter 2 Module-7 Organic-Reaction_v5.pdf PDF

Preview

Summary

General Chemistry 1Quarter 2 - Module 7 – Organic ReactionsDepartment of Education ● Republic of the PhilippinesSenior High SchoolGeneral Chemistry 1 – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 - Module 7: Organic ReactionsFirst Edition, 2020Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyrigh...

Description

Senior High School

General Chemistry 1 Quarter 2 - Module 7 – Organic Reactions

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 - Module 7: Organic Reactions First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalty. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V Development Team of the Module Author/s: April Sweet L. Tapayan, RCh. Reviewers: Jean S. Macasero, PhD, EPS; Doris D. Pabalate Illustrator and Layout Evaluator: Arian M. Edullantes Management Team Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V Schools Division Superintendent Co-Chairpersons:

Rowena H. Para-on,PhD Asst. Schools Division Superintendent

Members

Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief Jean S. Macasero, EPS - Science Joel D. Potane, LRMS Manager Gemma P. Pajayon – PDO II Lanie M. Signo – Librarian II

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro Telefax: (08822)855-0048 E-mail Address: [email protected]

Senior High School

General Chemistry 1 Quarter 2 - Module 7 - Organic Reactions

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at [email protected]. We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This SLM (Self Learning Module) is for educational purposes only. Borrowed materials (i.e. songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in these modules are owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Table of Contents What This Module is About ............................................................................................................ i What I Need to Know ...................................................................................................................... i How to Learn from this Module .................................................................................................... ii Icons of this Module ....................................................................................................................... ii What I Know ................................................................................................................................... .iii

Second Quarter – Module 7 Lesson 1: Structural Isomerism and Organic Reactions What’s In ................................................................................................... 1 What’s New ............................................................................................... 1 What Is It: ............................................................................................... 2 What’s More A.......................................................................................... 5 What’s More B.......................................................................................... 6 What I Have Learned .............................................................................. 6 What I Can Do........................................................................................... 7

Summary ....................................................................................................................... 7 Assessment: (Post-Test) ................................................................................................ 8 Key to Answers ..............................................................................................................

9

References ....................................................................................................................

10

What This Module is About Organic compounds are considered as carbon-containing chemical compounds of living things because of their association with organisms and life processes. Their structure, properties, reactions, compositions and preparation are the core topics of organic chemistry. About 200 years ago, it is believed that organic compounds needed a ‘life force’ to be produced. Other compounds like rock that were from nonliving things were referred to as inorganic. The synthesis of urea (an organic compound) from amonium cyanate (an inorganic compound) as an experiment of Friedrich Wöhler in 1828 dispelled the belief that organic compounds could only be formed by nature. The range of application of organic compounds includes, but is not limited to petrochemicals, food, pharmaceuticals, explosives, fragrances, paints and cosmetics. In this module, we describe the structures, properties and reactions of hydrocarbons and organic functional groups.

What I Need to Know At the end of this module, you should be able to: 1. Describe structural isomerism and give examples (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-89); 2. Describe some simple reactions of organic compounds: combustion of organic fuels, addition, condensation, and saponification of fats (STEM_GC11CBIId-g90);

i

How to Learn from this Module To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following: •

Take your time reading the lessons carefully.

•

Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.

•

Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module What I Need to Know

This part contains learning objectives that are set for you to learn as you go along the module.

What I know

This is an assessment as to your level of knowledge to the subject matter at hand, meant specifically to gauge prior related knowledge. This part connects previous lesson with that

What’s In

of the current one.

What’s New

An introduction of the new lesson through various activities, before it will be presented to you

What is It

These are discussions of the activities as a way to deepen your discovery and understanding of the concept.

What’s More

These are follow-up activities that are intended for you to practice further in order to master the competencies.

What I Have

Activities designed to process what you

Learned

have learned from the lesson

What I can do

These are tasks that are designed to showcase your skills and knowledge gained, and applied into real-life concerns and situations.

ii

What I Know Pretest: MULTIPLE CHOICE: Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer. 1. Choose the incorrect option regarding Isomerism: A. They differ in both physical and chemical properties. B. They have the different molecular formula. C. Chain isomers differ in the arrangement of their skeleton. D. They have the same molecular formula. 2. The reaction of water with alkene to produce an alcohol is a/an ______ reaction. A. Addition C. Combustion B. Condensation D. Saponification 3. Hydrolysis (saponification) of a fat would yield_____________. A. water and alkene C. ethanol and acid B. ketone and aldehyde D. glycerol and soap 4. This type of isomerism occurs when different compounds are formed due to the different arrangements of their atoms leading to different functional groups. A. chain C. positional B. functional D. geometric 5. What reaction takes place when a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat? A. Addition C. Combustion B. Condensation D. Saponification 6. What is formed when water is added to ethene? A. ethane C. ethanol B. acetone D. glycerol 7. What reaction takes place when two or more molecules combine to form a larger and new molecule? A. Addition C. Combustion B. Condensation D. Saponification 8. This type of isomerism occurs when the same functional groups are attached to different positions on a carbon chain. A. chain C. positional B. functional D. geometric 9. What reaction is being demonstrated in the chemical equation below?

A. Addition B. Condensation

C. Combustion D. Saponification

10. Saponification of fats needs a strong __________ to proceed to completion. A. halogen C. acid B. catalyst D. base

iii

Structural Isomerism and Organic Reactions

1 What’s In

In lesson 1, you have learned that organic compounds are carbon-containing compounds which do not only pertain to hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements. Moreover, you also examined the structures and properties of hydrocarbons and some functional groups. In this lesson, you will learn the structural isomerism and simple reactions of selected organic compounds.

What’s New Activity 1: Clones or isomers Directions: Identify if the two structures are the same compounds or isomers. Write “isomers” if the compounds have the same chemical formula but exactly different structure or compound and write “clones” if the compounds are exactly the same.

1.

2. .

3.

4. 1

What Is It

I. STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM When two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formula but different properties due to their difference in arrangement of atoms along the carbon, they are called structural isomers. There are six forms of structural isomerism and the most common are chain, positional and functional isomerism. STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM

CHAIN

POSITIONAL

FUNCTIONAL

METAMERISM

TAUTOMERISM

RING-CHAIN

Figure 1. Forms of Structural Isomerism (http://padakshep.org/otp/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/structural-isomerism/)

a. Chain Isomerism Chain isomers are organic compounds with the same formula, but the arrangements of their carbon skeleton are different.

FORMULA: C4H10

Figure 2. Example of chain isomerism (http://padakshep.org/otp/subjects/chemistry/organicchemistry/structural-isomerism/)

b. Positional Isomerism Positional isomerism occurs when the same functional groups are attached to different positions on a carbon chain.

FORMULA: C4H

FORMULA: C3H7OH

Figure 3. Examples of positional isomerism (http://padakshep.org/otp/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/structural-isomerism/)

2

c. Functional Isomerism Functional isomerism occurs if different compounds are formed due to the different arrangements of their atoms leading to different functional groups. As functional groups are usually the reactive centre of a molecule that leads entirely different properties. FORMULA: C2H6O

FORMULA: C3H6O

FORMULA: C2H4O2

Figure 4. Examples of positional isomerism (http://padakshep.org/otp/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/structural-isomerism/)

II. Simple Reactions of Organic Compounds a. Combustion Reactions When a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat, a combustion reaction occurs. This type of reaction must involve O2 or oxygen gas as one reactant. One of the most notable combustion reactions is the combustion of organic fuels. Fuels rapidly react with oxygen to produce energy. These fuels include: coal, high molecular weight hydrocarbons, methane, propane, and butane.

Reaction 1. Complete combustion of butane (https://www.clutchprep.com/chemistry/practice-problems/84902/calculate-the-enthalpy-of-combustion-of-butane-c4h10-g-forthe-formation-of-h2o-)

b. Addition Reactions Multiple bonds, such as a double or a triple bond, can be converted into other functional groups using addition reactions. Other elements such as hydrogen, halogens, compounds like water and functional groups such as the hydroxyl group can be attached or added to one or both of the carbons involved in the multiple bond.

(https://socratic.org/questions/how-can-alkenes-be-used-tomake-ethanol)

3

(http://lucychemistry.blogspot.com/2013/05/38describe-addition-reaction-of.htm)l

(https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2013/05/24/alkynereaction-patterns-the-carbocation-pathway/)

Reaction2. Addition reactions of alkenes and alkynes

c. Condensation Reactions A condensation reaction takes place when two or more molecules combine to form a larger and new molecule, with the simultaneous loss of a small molecule such as water and a formation of a new bond.

ketone

New oxygen-carbon bond is formed

aldehyde

Water is lost as a product

Loss of water

(https://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/jzoval/chem108_lab/lab_6_ carboxylic%20acids/lab_6_Pre_lab_carboxylic_acids_current.pdf)

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questionsand-answers/reaction-based-nmr-provided-identifyaldehyde-ketone-possible-list-aldehyde-ketone-list-1— q27958045

Reactions 3. Examples of condensation reactions d. Saponification Reactions Saponification reaction takes place when a fat, oil or lipid is cleaved and converted into soap and alcohol by the action of heat and with the presence of water and a base. Fats are typically in the form of esters. When esters undergo saponification, carboxylate (soap) and an alcohol (glycerol) functional groups are produced.

(https://sites.google.com/site/chemistry_olp/formation-of-esters)

4

Reaction 4. Saponification reaction of a fat (https://nsb.wikidot.com/c-9-5-5-1)

What’s More (A)

Activity 2: Structural Isomerism Identification Directions: Identify what type of structural isomerism is being exhibited by each pair of compounds. Choose from the three most common types of isomerism (e.g. chain, position and functional isomerism).

1.

3.

2.

4.

5

What’s More (B)

Activity 3: Organic Reaction Identification Directions: Identify what type of organic reaction is being represented by each item. Choose from the basic types of organic reactions (e.g. combustion, addition, condensation, and saponification reaction). _____________1. Hydrocarbons reacts with oxygen gas producing water and carbon dioxide as products. _____________2. Reaction of water to an alkene leading to the removal of the double bond and production of an alcohol. _____________3. A carboxylic acid and an alcohol react forming a new bond with the simultaneous loss of water molecule, hence the formation of a new compound. _____________4. The production of soap from fats. _____________5. The production of esters from alcohol and carboxylic acid.

What I Have Learned Activity 4: Think Like a Chemist! Directions: Level up your way of thinking and put yourself in a chemist’s perspective. Answer and explain each item briefly and concisely. 1. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but have different properties. How is this possible? 2. How does positional and functional isomerism differ from each other? 3. Ethanol and dimethyl ether have the same molecular formula C 2H6O. Ethanol is liquid at room temperature while dimethyl ether is gas. How is this possible? 4. Why short-chain alkanes like methane and butane serve as good fuels? 5. Does the compound below undergo saponification reaction? Why?

6

What I Can Do Activity 5: Meet My Isomers Directions: Do a research about the structural isomers of the compound C 4H10O. Identify at least three structural isomers, provide their structures and their individual properties, and uses. Write your answers in each cell of the table below. STRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF C4H10O Name of the isomer

Structure of the isomer

Properties and uses

1.

2.

3.

SUMMARY Structural isomers when two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formula but different properties due to their difference in arrangement of atoms along the carbon. • Chain isomers are organic compounds with the same formula, but the arrangements of their carbon skeleton are different. • Positional isomerism occurs when the same functional groups are attached to

•

different positions on a carbon chain.

• • •

• •

Functional isomerism occurs if different compounds are formed due to the different arrangements of their atoms leading to different functional groups. Combustion reaction occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat Condensation reaction takes place when two or more molecules combine to form a larger and new molecule, with the simultaneous loss of a small molecule such as water and a formation of a new bond. Multiple bonds, such as a double or a triple bond, can be converted into other functional groups using addition reactions. Saponification reaction takes place when a fat, oil or lipid is cleaved and converted into soap and alcohol by the action of heat and with the presence of water and a base.

7

Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice: Answer the questions that follow. Choose the best letter among the given choices for each item. 1. Two isomeric forms of a saturated hydrocarbon _____________ A. have the same structure. B. have different compositions of elements. C. have the same molecular formula. D. react vigorously with one another. 2. The reaction of water with alkene to produce an alcohol is a/an ______ reaction. A. Saponification C. Combustion B. Condensation D. Addition 3.

The isomerism shown is _____________. A. chain B. functional

4.

C. positional D. geometric The isomerism shown is _____________.

A. chain B. functional

C. positional D. geometric

5. Saponification of fats needs a strong __________ to proceed to completion. A. halogen C. acid B. catalyst D. base 6. What reaction takes place when a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat? A. Addition C. Combustion B. Condensation D. Saponification 7. What is lost as a product when a ketone and an aldehyde react to form a new Carboncarbon bond? A. halogen C. acid B. water D. alcohol 8. Which of the following would undergo addition reactions? A. halogen C. alkane B. alkyne D. alcohol 9. Fats are typically in form of what? A. halogen B. alkyne

C. acid D. esters

10. What is formed when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol undergo condensation reaction? A. new C-C bond B. new O-C bond

C. new N-O bond D. ester 8

9 PRETEST: 1. B 2. A 3.D

4.B

5.C

6.C

7.B

8.C

9.C

...