2. STS Chapter 2 World History PDF

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lec notes for science technology and society...

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CHAPTER 2 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER OUTLINE Science and Technology in Different Periods 1. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. - 500A.D.) 2. Medieval Period (ca. 500 - 1,500) 3. Renaissance Period (14th - 17th Century) 4. Industrial Revolution (18th Century) 5. In 19th Century 6. In 20th Century

Ancient Egyptian Architectural Technology. Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=history+of+science/britanica

“Everything is theoretically impossible, until it is done. One could write a history of science in reverse by assembling the solemn pronouncements of highest authority about what could not be done and could never happen.” – Robert Heinlein LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: 1. explain the historical timeline of science and technology; 2. analyse the difference between the different periods involved in the development of Science and Technology; and 3. synthesize and create their own definition of Science and Technology based on the discussion on this unit. INTRODUCTION Science and technology is evident since the beginning of time. New knowledge made it possible to create new things that would help people improve their everyday living. Development in the field of science has helped humans to have a better life while advancement in technology made the lives of the people much easier by developing new machines that helped their way of living effortless. In combination, science and technology transforms the lives of humans. It helps provide growth in the field of medicine, transportation, engineering and even entertainment that until today people are benefiting from. The development of science and technology has gone so far, tracing how it all began would give us a better idea on how it has developed since then and what are the significant changes that has happened throughout time. By looking back at the history of science and technology, we will be able to determine its progression

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CONTENT

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PERIODS The next discussions will reveal the different evidences on how the development of science and technology has been part of the early days of humankind.

Ancient Period (ca. 3,500 B.C. - 500 A.D.) Accumulation of knowledge and passing it from generation to generation has begun when the modern humans evolved from their hominid ancestors. They used stones as tools, and then learned how to shape stones to make more efficient tools. As the tools improved, so people were able to use them to fashion weapons and other artifacts from bone, antler, and wood. They also learned how to capture fire from natural sources such as wild fires, and later to make fire for themselves by using the heat generated by friction or sparks from stones, or by concentrating the sun's heat. Here are some of the development in science and technology during the ancient period (Goddard, 2010): EUROPE ca 750,000 Fire is used by Homo erectus. ca 45,000 Stone-headed spears are used in Europe. ca 20,000 The wooden bow and arrow are used in Spain and Saharan Africa. People in Southern Europe use sewing needles made from bone. ca 2000 The Minoans build palaces in Crete. ca 1000 Ironworking is introduced in Greece. ca 1000 Etruscan craftsmen make false teeth from gold. THE AMERICAS ca 8,500 North Americans make stone arrowheads. ca 8,000 The Folsom people living on eastern side of the Poe's Mountains develop sophisticated tools. ca 6000 Pottery is made in South America. ca 2500 People in the Arctic makes flirt tools. ca 1750 Peruvians build a long canal to irrigate their cops. ca 1200 Fishermen in Peru makes rafts and boats from reeds ca 1200 Olmec sculptors carve figurines and giant human heads. ASIA AND OCEANIA ca 11,000 The earliest-known day pots are made in Japan. ca 5200 People in Iran make wine. ca 4000 Bronze is first made in Thailand. ca 3500 The plow is invented in both China and Mesopotamia. ca 3000 Boats in China are equipped with anchors. ca 2950 A lunar calendar is developed in China. ca 2500 Clay pipes are used as drains in Pakistan. Page 2 of 11

ca 2500 Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture. ca 2296 Chinese astronomers record the sighting of a comet. ca 1361 Chinese astronomers record a solar eclipse. ca 1000 The Chinese begin writing on bamboo or paper made from bark. ca 1000 The Hindu calendar of 360 days is introduced in India. ca 850 The Chinese use natural gas for lighting. AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus uses stone tools. ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus begins chipping flakes of stones to sharpen for tools. ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus uses antlers to create tools for cutting and drilling. ca 15,000 in Africa, bone harpoons (barbed spears) are used for fishing. ca 10,000 people in Palestine build houses from sun-dried bricks. ca 7500 Clay tokens are used for record keeping in Mesopotamia. ca 6000 The world's first known city is built by the people of Catal Huyuk in Anatolia (modern Turkey). ca 4236 Ancient Egyptians devise a 365-day calendar. ca 3500 The wheel is invented in Mesopotamia. ca 3100 Egyptians begin using hieroglyphics. ca 3000 The Sumerians introduce a 360-day calendar. ca 3000 Egyptians dam the Garawi River. ca 2630 Egyptians begin building pyramids. ca 2600 Mesopotamians make glass. ca 2300 Babylonian astronomers study comets. ca 2300 The earliest known maps are produced in Mesopotamia. ca 2000 Babylonian mathematicians introduce a positional number system. ca 2000 Medicine becomes an important science in Syria and Babylon. ca 1800 Mesopotamian mathematicians discover the "Pythagorean Theorem". ca 1750 Babylonian astronomers compile lists of planets and stars. ca 1550 Egyptians are using about 700 drugs and medications. ca 1350 The symptoms of leprosy are described in Egyptian text. ca 1200 The Egyptians dig a canal to join the Nile River to the Red Sea. ca 1000 The Phoenicians develop an alphabet. ca 900 Farmers in Mesopotamia use an irrigation system to water crops.

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Medieval Period (ca. 500-1500) The Medieval Period also known as “Dark Ages” is considered to be one of the creative periods in the history of humans and said to be the start of the first industrial revolution. The term “Dark Ages” came up because there are few written records remained from the said era. There are very little evidence that will support that there was progress in the society during the periods 500 to 1500. In the years immediately after the fall of Rome, there was a period of readjustment, where medieval society was more concerned with keeping peace and empire building than nurturing centers of learning. Despite this, Charlemagne (742814) a medieval emperor who ruled Western Europe in 800-814, tried to establish a scholastic tradition. The later Middle Ages (around 1250-1500 A.D.) saw advancements in the philosophy of science and the refinement of the scientific method. Far from being a backwards-medieval society, overshadowed by Islam and Byzantium, scholasticism acted as a nucleus for the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. This was the time for discovering great new inventions in science and technology. There were greater advancement in technology and adaptation of Eastern technologies in the West, including the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, greatly improved water mills, building techniques like the Gothic style, and three-field crop rotation. One of the greatest inventions during the Middle Ages was the printing press of Johannes Gutenberg (ca. 1395-1468) in the 15th century. It was Gutenberg who made printing mechanized. The invention of the printing press itself obviously, owed much to the medieval paper press, in turn modeled after the ancient wine-and-olive press of the Mediterranean area. A long handle was used to turn a heavy wooden screw, exerting downward pressure against the paper, which was laid over the type mounted on a wooden platen. In its essentials, the wooden press reigned supreme for more than 300 years, with a hardly varying rate of 250 sheets per hour printed on one side. Note: A video clip on this topic (will be serving as enrichment item) is available in the Google classroom.

Renaissance Period (144h-17th Century) The term Renaissance is used to refer to the period of rebirth as age of preparation for the 17th century scientific development and achievements. One of the greatest achievements in Western Europe during this period was the technology of printing books and other documents which helped the rapid spread of knowledge and information as well as the preservation of culture. The technology of the Chinese in preparing printed materials was followed and used by the Muslims and later introduced in Europe. Renaissance connects the period of Middle Ages to modern history. It is closely connected with Italy, where it began in the 14th century, although some European countries also went into same cultural changes and phenomena. Many historians prefer to think of the Renaissance as primarily an intellectual and cultural movement rather than a historical period. Robert Wilde, U.K. based historian born April 30, 1977 said that interpreting the Renaissance as a time period, though convenient for historians, “masks the long roots of the Renaissance (para.2)” . According to Wilde in his interview with livescience.com, the demand for perfect reproductions of texts and the renewed focus on studying them helped trigger one of the biggest discoveries in the whole of human history: printing with movable type. It allowed Bibles, secular books, printed music and more to be made in larger amounts and reach more people. On the other hand, people and a lot of steps were involved. Wood printing first came to the West from China in 1250-1350, papermaking originated from China has reached 12th century Spain, and the new printers' ink originated from Page 4 of 11

Flemish oil painting. In Mainz, Germany, Gutenberg made final steps in wooden press by casting a metal type and locking into it. The invention spread fast, reaching European countries from 1467-1483. By 1500, Europe had already produced six million copies of books. Without the printing press, communications revolution would not happen and it would not transform the condition of life. The communications revolution greatly made an impact in human opportunities for enlightenment and pleasure and created unimaginable possibilities for manipulation and control on the other. The consideration of these contradictory effects may shield us against a ready acceptance of triumphalist conceptions of the Renaissance or historical change in general. Also, Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) made one of science's greatest achievement. He presented the theory of heliocentric where he said that the sun is the center of the solar system instead of the earth. It was a major breakthrough in the history of science, though the Catholic Church banned Copernicus' book. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was also a major Renaissance scientist persecuted for his scientific experiments. Galileo improved the telescope, discovered new celestial bodies, and found support for a heliocentric solar system. He conducted' motion experiments on pendulums and falling objects that paved the way for Isaac Newton's (1643-1727) discoveries about gravity.

Industrial Revolution (18th Century) People rely on their hands in doing labor works even before the machines have emerged after a century that significantly increases of production output. The phenomenal process in the transfer of doing work by human hands and feet to the use of machines was called The Industrial Revolution. It began in Great Britain and spread across Europe, America, and even Asia from 1760 to 1840. It was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced and altered the way people lived. The Industrial Revolution was a time of scientific and technological advancement which spanned the period during late 19th century to early 19th century. Partly through good fortune and partly through conscious effort, Britain by the early 18th century came to possess the combination of social needs and social resources that provided the necessary preconditions for a commercially successful innovation and a social system capable of sustaining and institutionalizing the processes of rapid technological change. One of the major setbacks of the Industrial Revolution was skilled workers were set aside because operation of new machines were used. The companies also hired women and children increasingly which cost lower than of the skilled workers. Manual/physical labor was changed into machine operated devices, even tradesperson replaced the craftsrmen and the applied scientists replaced the amateur inventors. Aside from these, three important technologies formed the foundations of the first Industrial Revolution namely, iron production, steam engine, and textiles. The steam engine has been around but later on improved by Scottish James Watt (1736-1819) and other investors after 1778. It was used to run machines and made a major contribution to the first Industrial Revolution. The steam-powered machine was improved gradually and was adapted for many uses and the use of more complex machinery was made possible. The development and refinement of machine tools by British engineers Henry Maudslay (1771-1831) and Joseph Whitworth (18031887) played a key and crucial part in the later phase of the first Industrial Revolution as machine tool technology enabled standardized manufacturing machines to be fabricated. Page 5 of 11...