2014 - Detailed band 6 answers to 2014 HSC questions. PDHPE PDF

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Detailed band 6 answers to 2014 HSC questions. PDHPE...

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2014 short answer Question 21 (3 marks) Outline TWO groups most at risk of cardiovascular disease in Australia. 3 Smokers are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease due to the damaging effects it has on the heart. For example, the chemicals in tobacco damages blood vessels as it causes inflammation, thus increasing the risk of CVD. ATSI is also a group at risk of developing CVD due to lack of education and lack of availability of services. For example, ATSI are more likely to reside in rural or remote areas which restricts their access to health services such as medical clinics, thus increasing their exposure to developing CVD. Question 22 (4 marks) What are the responsibilities of each of the three levels of government for the delivery of health services in Australia? The commonwealth government is concerned with the formation of national health policies and the control of health system financing through the collection of taxes. For example, the commonwealth government provides funds to medical services, public health activities, public hospitals and also administer pharmaceutical benefits scheme. The state government have the prime responsibility for providing health and community services. The main functions include, hospital services, mental health programs, home and community and rehabilitation programs. The local government is mainly concerned with environmental control and a range of person, preventative and home care services. For example, they are responsible for ensuring that food outlets meet hygiene and sanitation standards. 23. Explain the nature and extent of health inequities within Australia for one group OTHER than Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. 5 marks A group that experiences health inequities within Australia is the socioeconomically disadvantaged. People who have low socioeconomic status have low education levels which leads to an inequitable access to health services, ultimately leading to poorer health outcomes. These increased smoking levels leads to increase prevalence of lung cancer e.g. the incidence of lung cancer is 6 times higher and there is worse survival rates for those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged. Those who have a low SES also experience an inequity of low health literacy which contributes to poor eating habits. For example, the socioeconomically disadvantaged have a third higher chance of becoming obese which also leads to diabetes, ultimately leading to poorer health outcome. Thus, the lack of access to health services and lower education levels are significant inequities that lead to poor health outcomes.

Question 24 Explain why individuals, communities and governments should work in partnership on health promotion initiatives. Provide examples. 8 marks The partnership between individuals, communities and governments leads to effective outcomes of health promotion initiatives. It is important to work together in collaboration to develop HPI as it address the specific needs of groups and empowers each sector. Partnerships between individuals, communities and governments helps to empower communities and address the health inequities and needs of groups. Close the gap is a HPI that uses the collaboration between these sectors to ensure that the Aboriginal community is involved in the

planning and delivery of the HPI. This leads to empowerment of Aboriginals and allows them to take greater control of their own health, resulting in the success of the HPI. The government allocates funds to address the targets of Close the gap. For example, funds are given to organisations and health services so that health services become more available to the community. The community are active participants in health planning in order to ensure the delivery of culturally appropriate primary health services and ensures that their deep connection to their culture is integrated within the initiative, e.g. utilising traditional art in posters that aim to raise awareness of COVID-19. This leads to each Aboriginal individual becoming more empowered to take control over their health and make better decisions regarding the health such as improving their health literacy and seeking help from health services. Collaboration between individuals, communities and government results in the success of a health promotion initiative. The road safety strategy is an initiative that involves the partnerships of these sectors to ensure a safe environment is created and the that the concerns of individuals and community are taken into consideration. For example, the government has implemented laws such as speed limits on NSW roads to reduce speeding and fatal accidents. PDHPE school curriculums are required to teach students about road safety which improves the health literacy and allows them to make appropriate decision and partake in protective behaviours when on the road(individual). By taking into consideration the concerns of communities of particular high risk areas about recurring accidents, speed cameras are installed in consultation with the local governments, ensuing a safe environment is created for all individuals and communities. This leads to a more successful approach to the HPI as it engages individual, community and governments in reducing speed related trauma. Thus, successful health promotion initiatives are developed through collaboration with individuals, communities and government and leads to better health outcomes.

25. Outline the post-performance dietary considerations of an endurance athlete. Following endurance activity, athletes must consume adequate intake of carbohydrates and fluids. It is important that an endurance athlete consumes foods that are on the high glycaemic index e.g. brown rice to ensure that depleted muscle and liver glycogen stores are restored. Due to excessive sweat, endurance athletes are at risk of becoming dehydrated, thus they must consume adequate amount of fluid e.g., water or sport drinks to replenish lost fluid and electrolytes. 2012 How do the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter address the principles of social justice? Include examples in your answer. 8 marks Health promotion initiatives that are shaped by the Ottawa Charter are effective in promoting the social justice principles of promoting equity within resource distribution, embracing diversity to eliminate cultural barriers and creating supportive environments. In developing personal skills, the SJP of equity is promoted through ensuring that all individuals have equal access to resources. For example, the Road Safety Strategy aims to ensure that the educational curriculum conveys key messages of road safety and meets the need of Aboriginal community to ensure they have access to mandatory educational

programs that are compulsory for all Australians students till the age of 17 despite socioeconomic, sociocultural and environmental disadvantages, which allows them to develop skills regarding road safety The action area of creating supportive environment relates to ensuring the public is a safe environment which allows individuals to make positive changes. This addresses the SJP of supportive environments as it ensures the environment individuals are in are safe and encourages participation of all individuals within the community. For example, implementation of 40km/h speed limit in school zones decreases the burden of road fatalities and increases the safety of students and their parents which allows them to make better choices such as walking to school. Strengthening community action involves individuals working together to address major concerns. This addresses the SJP of embracing diversity as it ensures each unique community is involved in strategies to improve their health according to their needs. For example, encouraging ATSI people to be involved in Close the Gap embraces diversity as it caters to the diversity of ATSI by providing information in their language and addresses history of racial discrimination to ensure the Aboriginal community is able to relate culturally and strengthens community action. Reorientating health services encourages the health sector to move beyond its traditional role of providing curative services and promotes a change in professional education and training. This action area addresses the SJP of equity and diversity. For example, restructuring health services to be culturally sensitive and respect diverse needs by making doctors aware of how their patients cultural backgrounds may influence their health choices, that eliminates cultural barriers and promotes equity and diversity. Building healthy public policy involves implementing legislation, polices to improve health. This addresses the SJP of equity as the policies that have been enforced allows individuals to access particular services irrespective of their socioeconomic status. For example, PBS achieves equity as it recognises that not all people can afford the costs of prescribed drugs and subsidises the costs to create equal access to those from low SES....