2020 VCE Chemistry examination report PDF

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2020 VCE Chemistry examination report 2020 VCE Chemistry examination report 2020 VCE Chemistry examination report 2020 VCE Chemistry examination report 2020 VCE Chemistry examination report 2020 VCE Chemistry examination report...

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2020 VCE Chemistry examination report General comments In 2020 the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority produced an examination based on the adjusted ‘Chemistry Study Design for 2020 only’. The examination provided students with the opportunity to demonstrate and apply a range of knowledge and skills. The examination identified the following areas that require attention: 

   

Use of correct chemical language, including the use of hyphens to separate numbers from letters when naming organic compounds (for example ‘3-bromohexane’ not ‘3-bromo-hexane’) and the correct spelling of chemicals provided as one-word responses to questions (for example ‘ketones’ not ‘keytones’). Identification of the direction of half-cell redox reactions. The difference between chemical energy and heat energy. The effect of temperature on the shape of Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions. Use of concentrations rather than amounts (mols) when calculating the value of an equilibrium constant.

Students are advised to familiarise themselves with the content of the Data Book. Section B Questions 6c. and 8a. required students to access relevant data in order to respond to the question. Students should also read questions carefully in order that their answers are relevant to the specific information or response being requested. Care should be taken in the manipulation of mathematical relationships and the use of calculators.

Specific information Section A – Multiple-choice questions The following table indicates the percentage of students who chose each option. The correct answer is indicated by shading.

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Que s t i o % % n A B

% C

% D

1

1 6 5

6

7 3 0

2

4 8 1 9 2 3 1 0 0

3

8

2

8 6 3

4

5

6

2 6 6 3 0

5

1 0 6 7 1 2 1 1 0

6

3

7

8

Gl y c o g e ni sac o n d e n s a t i o np o l y me ro f t h emo n o s a c c h a r i d eg l u c o s e . Op t i o nA: Co r r e c t . Su ffic i e n t l yl a r g es a mp l es i z e sa r ee s s e n t i a l f o r ar e l i a b l eme a s u r e me n t r e s u l t ( u s u a l l yt h eme a no f as e t o f v a l u e s ) s i n c er e p e t i t i o na n d / o r r e p l i c a t i o nc a n d e mo n s t r a t et h a t i n d i v i d u a l me a s u r e me n t sa r ec o n s i s t e n t wi t h i na na c c e p t a b l e r a n g e . I f t h eme a ni st a k e nf o r o n l yas ma l l n u mb e ro f me a s u r e dv a l u e s , i t wi l l b e f o u n dt ob el e s sc o n s i s t e n t t h a ni f al a r g e r s a mp l ei st a k e n . Op t i o nB: I n c o r r e c t . Pr e c i s i o nr e f e r st ot h ec l o s e n e s so f a g r e e me n t b e t we e n me a s u r e dv a l u e so b t a i n e db yr e p e a t e dme a s u r e me n t s . I t c a n n o t b ea s c e r t a i n e d wi t h o u t h a v i n gs e v e r a l me a s u r e me n t s , s op r e c i s i o ni si mp r o v e db yal a r g e r s a mp l e s i z e . Re p e a t e dme a s u r e me n t s , h o we v e r , ma yn o t a p p e a r t oi mp r o v ep r e c i s i o ni n s p e c i a l c a s e s :  Wh e nt h er e p e a t e dme a s u r e dv a l u e sg i v et h es a mev a l u e( d u et ot h e l i mi t a t i o n so f t h ei n s t r u me n t , i nwh i c hc a s ep r e c i s i o nc a no n l yb ek n o wnf r o m c a l i b r a t i o np r o p e r t i e so f t h ei n s t r u me n t .  Wh e nal a r g en u mb e r o f me a s u r e me n t v a l u e sh a v ea l r e a d yb e e nt a k e na n d i n c r e a s i n gt h en u mb e r d o e sn o t ma k eas i g n i fi c a n t d i ff e r e n c et ot h es p r e a d o f v a l u e s . Op t i o nC: I n c o r r e c t . Ame a s u r e me n t i s‘ v a l i d ’ i f i t me a s u r e swh a t i t i ss u p p o s e dt o b e d u r ea n di n s t r u me n t . V a l i d i t yma y t h s a mp l es i z ed u et oac o n s i s t e n t fl a wi n t h o r s . A a t i c

mQt o

0

i sa n r o x y I nA, Ca n dDwa t e ri sar e a c t a n t .

2 0 1 2 6 4 0

2 9 4 6 1 8 6

1 1 1 4 9

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% Co mme nt s N/ A

0

6 6 0

CH3CH2CHBr Cl ; 1 b r o mo 1 c h l o r o p r o p a n e CH3CHCl CH2Br ; 1 b r o mo 2 c h l o r o p r o p a n e CH2Cl CH2CH2Br ; 1 b r o mo 3 c h l o r o o p r o p a n e CH3CHBr CH2Cl ; 2 b r o mo 1 c h l o r o p r o p a n e CH3CBr Cl CH3; 2 b r o mo 2 c h l o r o p r o p a n e Op t i o nA: F u e l c e l l sa r en o t r e c h a r g e a b l e , t h e yh a v eac o n t i n u o u ss u p p l yo f r e a c t a n t s . Op t i o nB: Th e r ma l e n e r g yi sp r o d u c e di nb o t ht y p e so f c e l l . Op t i o nC: An o d ei sn e g a t i v ei naf u e l c e l l ; i t i se i t h e r n e g a t i v e( d i s c h a r g i n g) o r p o s i t i v e( r e c h a r g i n g ) i nas e c o n d a r yc e l l . Op t i o nD: Co r r e c t .

Page 2

9

7

2 8 2 9 3 5 0

1 0

3

1 6 5 4 2 6 0

1 1

6

2 2 5 6 1 6 0

Ac c o r d i n gt ot h et e mp e r a t u r ev . t i meg r a p h , t h et e mp e r a t u r ei sa p p r o x i ma t e l y2 1 . 1 Cwh e nt h ec u r r e n t wa ss t o p p e da t 2 4 0s e c o n d s( a f t e r b e i n ga p p l i e df o r 1 8 0 s e c o n d s ) . Ho we v e r , t h et e mp e r a t u r ec o n t i n u e st or i s et o2 1 . 2C–amo r ea c c u r a t ei n d i c a t o r o f t h et h e r ma l e n e r g yg e n e r a t e df r o mt h ec u r r e n t fl o w. Ca l i b r a t i o nF a c t o r =El e c t r i c a l En e r g y/ Ch a n g ei nt e mp e r a t u r e =VI t / T =5 . 4x2 . 7x1 8 0/ ( 2 1 . 2–1 8 . 0 ) =2 6 2 4J/ 3 . 2 C =8 2 0J° C-1 T h i sc a l i b r a t i o nf a c t o r i sh i g h e rt h a nt h et r u ev a l u eb e c a u s ei t d o e sn o t a l l o wf o r e n e r g yl o s sd u et ot h eq u a l i t yo f t h ei n s u l a t i o n . T h i si sab e t t e r v a l u ef o r t h ec a l i b r a t i o nf a c t o r t h a nt h a t wh i c hwo u l db ed e t e r mi n e d c o n s i s t e n t wi t hTwh e nc u r r e n t i ss t o p p e d) , i . e . 8 4 7JC-1 u s i n g C( ( o p t i o nC) . Op t i o nDi sc o n s i s t e n t wi t hC, wh i c hi sa ni n a c c u r a t er e a d i n go f t h e t e mp e r a t u r e . Op t i o nA: I n c o r r e c t . He a t l o s si se v i d e n t o nt h eg r a p h , a st h et e mp e r a t u r ed r o p s f r o m2 1 . 2C. Op t i o nB: I n c o r r e c t . So l u t i o nc a l o r i me t e r sa r en o t s u i t a b l ef o r t h ec o mb u s t i o n r e a c t i o n sa s s o c i a t e dwi t hb o mbc a l o r i me t r y . Op t i o nC: I n c o r r e c t . Bo t ht y p e so f c a l o r i me t e r sc a nb ec a l i b r a t e du s i n gc h e mi c a l r e a c t i o n swi t hk n o wnh e a t so f r e a c t i o n . O s e n s et h a t , i nb o t ht y p e so f c e fl e c t t h ee n e r g yc h a n g e s o d e ri n v e s t i g a t i o n . O b i o ma s st h a t wa sa l i v ei nt h e r c e db yv e r ys l o wg e o l o g i c a l p O n t e n v i r o n me n t a l i mp a c t , e . g . u i o f u e l . M v i r o n me n t a l i mp a c t i nt h a t i t i s a n . O s O h

1 2

1 3

1 1 8

1 4 6 7 0

1 6 1 4 4 1 2 9 0

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u c ee t h a n o l ( b yr e a c t i o nwi t h e df r o mc r u d eo i l . f r o mc o a l –af o s s i l f u e l . T h i s .

St a t e me n t I : I n c o r r e c t . H2O( g ) i sag r e e n h o u s eg a s . St a t e me n t I I : I n c o r r e c t . F u e l c e l l sa r emo r ee ffic i e n t t h a nc o mb u s t i o ne n g i n e s h e n c el e s sH2i su s e dp e rk i l o me t r ef o r t h eH2f u e l c e l l p o we r e dc a r . St a t e me n t I I I : Co r r e c t . I nc o mb u s t i o ne n g i n e sc h e mi c a l e n e r g yi sc o n v e r t e dt o t h e r ma l t h e nt ome c h a n i c a l e n e r g y . I nf u e l c e l l p o we r e dv e h i c l e sc h e mi c a l e n e r g y i sc o n v e r t e dt oe l e c t r i c a l e n e r g yt h e nt ome c h a n i c a l e n e r g y . He n c ec o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v ewa so p t i o nC.

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1 4

1 5

4 5 2 6 2 5 4

1 4 2 5 5 3 8

0

0

1 6

2 0 2 5 3 5 2 0 0

1 7

6 0 8

1 3 2 0 0

1 N2( g ) +3 H2( g ) ⇋2 NH3( ; Kc=6 4 0 g ) ; H=9 2 . 3k Jmo l Di v i d ec o e ffic i e n t sb y3 1 / ( g ) +H2( g ) ⇋ 2/ H3( g ) ; 3N 2 3N 1 H=9 2 . 3 / 3=3 0 . 8k Jmo l Kc=( 6 4 0 ) 1 / 3=8 . 6( M-2)

No t e : Th e‘ ma g n i t u d e ’ r e f e r st on u me r i c a l v a l u ea n dd o e sn o t r e q u i r eu n i t s . Op t i o n sBa n dCd i dn o t a c c u r a t e l ya p p l yt h ei mp a c t o f ac h a n g ei ne q u a t i o n c o e ffic i e n t so nt h eKv a l u e . Op t i o nA: I n c o r r e c t . Ac a t a l y s t i n c r e a s e st h ep r o p o r t i o no f c o l l i s i o n swh i c ha r e s u c c e s s f u l ( b yl o we r i n ga c t i v a t i o ne n e r g y )b u t d o e sn o t a ff e c t t h ef r e q u e n c yo f c o l l i s i o n s . Op t i o nB: Co r r e c t . I n c r e a s ei nt e mp e r a t u r ei n c r e a s e st h er a t eo f n e a r l ya l l r e a c t i o n s . Op t i o nC: I n c o r r e c t . Ac a t a l y s t r e d u c e st h ea c t i v a t i o ne n e r g i e so f f o r wa r da n d b a c k wa r d( r e v e r s e )r e a c t i o nb yt h es a mea mo u n t –n o t t h es a mep r o p o r t i o n . Op t i o nD: I n c o r r e c t . Si n c et h ef o r wa r dr e a c t i o ni se x o t h e r mi c , i t h a sal o we r a c t i v a t i o ne n e r g yt h a nt h er e v e r s er e a c t i o n . St u d e n t ss h o u l dn o t et h a t wh i l ea ni n c r e a s ei nt e mp e r a t u r ewi l l f a v o u rt h e e n d o t h e r mi cr e a c t i o ni na ne q u i l i b r i u ms y s t e mi t i n c r e a s e st h er a t eo f b o t h e n d o t h e r mi ca n de x o t h e r mi cr e a c t i o n s . I nt h ee q u i l i b r i u mwi t he x o t h e r mi cf o r wa r dr e a c t i o n , t h ea c t i v a t i o ne n e r g yo f t h e f o r wa r dr e a c t i o ni sl o we rt h a nt h ea c t i v a t i o ne n e r g yo f t h er e v e r s er e a c t i o n . Wh i l e t h ei n t r o d u c t i o no f ac a t a l y s t wi l l d e c r e a s et h ea c t i v a t i o ne n e r g i e sf o r b o t hf o r wa r d a n dr e v e r s er e a c t i o n se q u a l l y , t h i sd e c r e a s ewi l l b eag r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n( f r a c t i o n ) o f t h es ma l l e ra c t i v a t i o ne n e r g yo f t h ef o r wa r dr e a c t i o n . Bo i l i n gp o i n t so f mo l e c u l a rc o mp o u n d ss u c ha sX, Ya n dZa r er e l a t e dt ot h e s t r e n g t ho f t h ei n t e r mo l e c u l a rb o n d i n g . Si n c ea l l t h r e ea r ep o l a rmo l e c u l e s , t h ei n t e r mo l e c u l a rb o n d i n gwi l l h a v e c o n t r i b u t i o n sf r o mb o t hd i s p e r s i o nf o r c e sa n dd i p o l e d i p o l eb o n d i n g . Al l t h r e emo l e c u l e sh a v et h es a memo l a r ma s s , s ot h ec o n t r i b u t i o nf r o md i s p e r s i o n f o r c e swi l l b es i mi l a rf o ra l l . Co mp o u n d sXa n dYwi l l b o t hh a v eh y d r o g e nb o n d i n g , d u et ot h eOHg r o u p s . Si n c ec o mp o u n dZd o e sn o t h a v ei n t e r mo l e c u l a rh y d r o g e nb o n d i n g , i t wo u l dh a v e t h el o we s t b o i l i n gp o i n t . T h eg r a d u a l a d j u s t me n t t ot h ec h a n g ea t 1mi n u t ei sc o n s i s t e n t wi t hac h a n g ei n t e mp e r a t u r e . Si n c et h er e v e r s ee n d o t h e r mi cr e a c t i o ni sf a v o u r e dt h et e mp e r a t u r e wa si n c r e a s e d . T h es u d d e n , a n dp r o p o r t i o n a l , d e c r e a s ei na l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n sa t 7mi n u t e si s c o n s i s t e n t wi t hav o l u mei n c r e a s et owh i c ht h es y s t e mr e s p o n d sb yf a v o u r i n gt h e r e v e r s er e a c t i o nt op a r t i a l l yc o mp e n s a t ef o r t h ei mp o s e dd e c r e a s ei n c o n c e n t r a t i o n / p r e s s u r e . En e r g ya d d e dt owa t e r

1 8

7

1 6 6 7 9

1

1 =4 . 1 8JC-1K xT xm( H2O) =4 . 1 8x1 5 0x( 4 0 . 6–2 2 . 1 ) 4 =1 . 1 6 x 1 0 J =1 1 . 6k J

1 3 n ( C3H8O) =0 . 5 5 7g/ 6 0 . 0gmo l =9 . 2 8 x 1 0 mo l 3 En t h a l p yo f c o mb u s t i o n =( 1 1 . 6k J/ 9 . 2 8 x 1 0 mo l ) 1 =1 2 5 0k Jmo l

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Su b j e c t i n ga ne q u i l i b r i u ms y s t e mt oat e mp e r a t u r ec h a n g ei mp a c t so nb o t h r e a c t i o nr a t e sa n dp o s i t i o no f e q u i l i b r i u m. T h er a t e t i meg r a p hp r o v i d e di n d i c a t e st h a t t h er a t eo f t h ef o r wa r dr e a c t i o n i n c r e a s e db e c a u s eo f t h ec h a n g ei mp o s e da t t . Th ei mp l i c a t i o ni nt h ea l t e r n a t i v e 1 r e s p o n s e si st h a t t h i swa sd u et oat e mp e r a t u r ec h a n g ea n ds omu s t h a v eb e e na t e mp e r a t u r ei n c r e a s e . 1 9

1 9 2 2 5 3 5

0

2 0

2 0 4 7 1 5 1 8 0

r e d u c e sr e t e n t i o nt i me .

2 1

1 8 1 0 4 8 2 4 0

2 2

2 0 1 2 2 2 4 6 1

2 3

3 0 2 0 3 2 1 7 1

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T h efi r s t ( l e f t mo s t ) p e a ko nt h es p e c t r u mi si nt h ea b s o r p t i o nr e g i o no f NHa n dOH( a l c o h o l s ) . T h es e c o n dp e a ki si nt h ea b s o r p t i o nr e g i o no f CH. T h et h i r dp e a k si si nt h ea b s o r p t i o nr e g i o no f C= O( a mi d e s ) . On l ya l t e r n a t i v eCi sc o n s i s t e n t wi t ht h ed a t a . 6 Op t i o nA: En e r g y=1 0 0gx4 9 0 9 7 x 1 0 MJg-1=4 . 9 1MJ=4 . 9 1 x 1 03k J 3 Op t i o nB: En e r g y=1 0 0gx1 1 . 6 3k Jg-1=1 . 1 6 x 1 0 k J 1 3 Op t i o nC: En e r g y=( 1 0 0 / 7 4 )mo l x2 6 7 0k Jmo l =3 . 7 3 x 1 0 k J 1 Op t i o nD: En e r g y=( 1 0 0 / 2 6 ) mo l x1 3 0 0k Jmo l=5 . 0 x 1 0 3k J T h es e l e c t i o no f o p t i o nAs u g g e s t si s s u e swi t ht h ee n e r g yu n i t s . Ho we v e r , t h e p o p u l a r i t yo f o p t i o nCwa ss u r p r i s i n gg i v e nt h es i mi l a rc a l c u l a t i o nt e c h n i q u et ot h a t o f t h ec o r r e c t r e s p o n s e . Si n c et h e r ea r et h r e ec a r b o x y l g r o u p so ne a c hc i t r i ca c i dmo l e c u l e , t h e r ewi l l b e3 mo l Na OHr e q u i r e df o re a c h1mo l c i t r i ca c i d . Eq u a t i o nf o r t i t r a t i o n . ( a q ) +3 Na OH( a q ) C3H5O( C3H5O( COOH) COO) Na3( a q )+3 H2O( l ) 3 3 3 n ( Na OH)=0 . 0 2 5 0mo l x2 4 . 0 x 1 0 4 =6 . 0 0 x 1 0 mo l n ( c i t r i ca c i d ) =n ( Na OH)/ 3 4 =6 . 0 0 x 1 0 / 3 4 =2 . 0 0 x 1 0 mo l 4 3 c ( c i t r i ca c i d ) =2 . 0 0 x 1 0 mo l / 2 5 . 0 x 1 0 L 1 3 mo l L) =8 . 0 x 1 0 M( Al t e r n a t i v eBi sc o n s i s t e n t wi t hc o n f u s i n ga l i q u o t a n dt i t r es i z e s . Al t e r n a t i v eCi sc o n s i s t e n t wi t hn o t d i v i d i n gb y3a n dc o n f u s i n ga l i q u o t a n dt i t r e s i z e s .

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Si n c ea2 5 . 0mLa l i q u o t o f c i t r i ca c i ds o l t i o nwa st i t r a t e dwi t ha0 . 0 2 5 0Ms o l u t i o n o f Na OH, t h ec i t r i ca c i dwa sa d d e dv i aap i p e t t ea n dt h eNa OH( a q )a d d e dv i aa b u r e t t e . Sot h ea p p r o p r i a t er i n s i n gp r o c e d u r e sa r e :

2 4

1 4 2 0 2 1 4 5 0

COOH) a q )  p i p e t t e–C3H5O( 3(  b u r e t t e–Na OH( a q )  c o n i c a l fl a s k–wa t e r . Ri n s i n gt h ep i p e t t eo r t h ec o n i c a l fl a s kwi t hNa OH( a q ) me a n sl e s s H C5O( COOH) 3 3 wi l l b ea v a i l a b l ef o r t i t r a t i o na n dt h eV( Na OH( a q ) )n e e d e dt or e a c ht h ee n d p o i n t wi l l b el o we r , l e a d i n gt oal o we r c a l c u l a t e dc o n c e n t r a t i o no f c i t r i ca c i d . Ri n s i n gt h ec o n i c a l fl a s kwi t h H C O ( C O O H ) ( a q ) w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e a m o u n t o f 3 5 3 Na OH( a q )r e q u i r e dt or e a c ht h ee n d p o i n t d u r i n gt h et i t r a t i o nl e a d i n gt oah i g h e r c a l c u l a t e dc ( C3H5O( COOH) ) . 3 Op t i o nA: I n c o r r e c t . C12H26–n o n p o l a r , i n t e r mo l e c u l a r a t t r a c t i o nv i ad i s p e r s i o n f o r c e s .

2 5

2 6

2 7

1 3 6 8 1 2 7

0

Op t i o nB: Co r r e c t . C11H22O11–p o l a rC= Op r e s e n t , s t r o n g e r v i ai n t e r mo l e c u l a r a t t r a c t i o nv i ad i p o l e d i p o l ea n dd i s p e r s i o nf o r c e . ; mo r eh y d r o s c o p i cd u et op o l a r i t y Op t i o nC: I n c o r r e c t . C11H22O11–h i g h e r v i s c o s i t y a l l o wi n gf o rb e t t e r a t t r a c t i o nt oH2Omo l e c u l e s . Op t i o nD: I n c o r r e c t . C11H22O11–l o we r e n e r g yc o n t e n t ( i sa l r e a d yp a r t i a l l yo x i d i s e d ) a n dp r o d u c e sl e s sCO2( 1 1mo l ) p e r mo l c o mp a r e dt oC12H26( 1 2mo l ) .

2 2 3 8 1 5 2 5 0

Pr i ma r yc e l l b a t t e r i e sa r en o t 1 0 0p e rc e n t e ffic i e n t a n ds owi l l p r o d u c eh e a t e n e r g y a swe l l a st h en e c e s s a r ye l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y . Si n c et h ec e l l r e q u i r e safl o wo f e l e c t r o n sf r o mt h es i t eo f o x i d a t i o nt ot h es i t eo f r e d u c t i o n , t h r o u g ht h ed e v i c eb e i n gp o we r e d , Z n( r e d u c t a n t ) c a n n o t b ei nc o n t a c t wi t hMn O2( o x i d a n t ) . St u d e n t ss h o u l db ea wa r et h a t i na l l c e l l st h eo x i d a n t a n dr e d u c t a n t a r en o t i n c o n t a c t , a n dt h a t a swe l l a se l e c t r i c a l e n e r g yh e a t e n e r g yi sg e n e r a t e dd u r i n g d i s c h a r g e , a se v i d e n t i nt h ef a c t t h a t mo b i l ep h o n e sg e t h o t t e r d u r i n ge x t e n d e d u s e .

5 3 1 6 1 5 1 4 0

He a t so f c o mb u s t i o ni n d i c a t et h er e l a t i v ea mo u n t so f c h e mi c a l e n e r g yc o n v e r t e dt o 1 h e a t e n e r g yd u r i n gc o mb u s t i o n . Et h a n o i ca c i d( 8 7 6k Jmo l ) r e l e a s e sl e s se n e r g y p e rmo l es oh a st h el o we r c h e mi c a l e n e r g yp e rmo l . Au t o i g n i t i o nt e mp e r a t u r e si n d i c a t et h er e l a t i v ea mo u n t so f e n e r g yp e r mo l e ( a c t i v a t i o ne n e r g y )n e e d e dt oi n i t i a t ec o mb u s t i o n . Me t h y l me t h a n o a t e( 4 4 9° C)h a s t h el o we r a u t o i g n i t i o nt e mp e r a t u r es oh a st h el o we r a c t i v a t i o ne n e r g y .

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T h ec o mb u s t i o nr e a c t i o nf o r b o t he t h a n o i ca c i da n de t h a n o i ca c i di s C2H4O2+3 O2 2 H2O. CO2+2 Si n c et h ep r o d u c t sa n dt h e i rr e l a t i v ea mo u n t sa r ei d e n t i c a l f o r b o t hc o mp o u n d s , t h ec h e mi c a l e n e r g i e so f t h ep r o d u c t swi l l b ei d e n t i c a l f o r b o t h .

2 8

2 9

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1 3 2 2 3 9 2 5 1

1 2 6 1 2 2 5

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1 3 1 8 5 5 1 3 1

Ma x we l l Bo l t z ma n nd i s t r i b u t i o n ss h o wap l o t o f t h en u mb e r ( p r o p o r t i o n ) o f mo l e c u l e sa g a i n s t k i n e t i ce n e r g yo r p a r t i c l ev e l o c i t y . At h i g h e r t e mp e r a t u r e st h e k i n e t i ce n e r g i e sa n dv e l o c i t i e so f t h ep a r t i c l e si n c r e a s e sa n dt h ed i s t r i b u t i o n fl a t t e n sa n db r o a d e n s . T h et e mp e r a t u r eo f t h ep r o d u c t mi x t u r ea f t e rc o mb u s t i o nd e p e n d so nt h ea mo u n t 1 o f h e a t e n e r g yr e l e a s e d . Si n c eme t h y l me t h a n o a t e( 9 7 3k Jmo l ) r e l e a s e smo r e e n e r g yp e rmo l ei t sp r o d u c t mi x t u r ewi l l b ea t t h eh i g h e r...