27R - Ch. 7 Reading Guide Adnance Biology PDF

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Summary

Eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a cell membrane, which is composed of a phospholipid bilayer in which proteins and glycoproteins are embedded. The membrane forms a barrier between the cell and its external environment; membrane proteins and glycoproteins mediate selective transport of substances ...

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27R - Ch. 7 Reading Guide Wednesday, October 24, 2018

1:10 PM

https://sweetwateruhsdmy.sharepoint.com/:w:/g/personal/jorgina_hall_sweetwaterschools_o rg/Efs-OytKQ3tOhw15yRhq-FcBEV_OjOu8l5C-Tv2DlpacVA?e=RB1zAN

Margaret Essien

Period 4

Light Energy Photosynthesis in chloroplast CO2+H2O

Organic molecules + O

Cellular respiration In mitochondria ATP Heat Energy

Fermentation is without oxygen, Cellular respiration is referring to aerobic respiration. Some prokaryotes use other substances instead of oxygen. Is with Oxygen. C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Energy (ATP + Heat) Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP + Heat)

Oxidation is the loss of electrons from one substance and reduction is the gain of electrons to another substance.

Y

XE

gain loose

NAD+ is the electron carrier Coenzymes are an organic molecule serving as a cofactor.

The electron transport chain shadows electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP .

NADH

ETC

Electron carried via NADH

Glycolysis glucose

pyruvate

Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2

Pyruvate oxidization Acetyl CoA

Citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation:

electron transport and chemiosmosis

Mitochondrion cytosol ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP Oxidative phosphorylation

Enzyme

Enzyme ADP

Substrate

P ATP Product

During glycolysis which is the splitting of sugar glucose which is a 6 carbon sugar is broken into three carbon sugars. glucose three

pyruvate

Glucose

2ATP used

4ADP

P

2NAD+ +4e- +4H+

2ADP 2P

4ATP formed

2NADH+2H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2H2O

Glucose 2ADP-2ATP used 2NAD^+ + 4e- + 4H+

2 pyruvate + 2H2O 2ATP 2HADH + 2H+

cytosol Remaining Answer Below

It occurs twice.

3 NADH 2 total carbons carbon dioxide

1 FADH2 1 ATP

6 2 2

NADH

Each carbon has been released as carbon dioxide hence the 6CO2 and only two ATP's are produced.

energy

electronegativity oxygen

Oxygen is the ultimate electron acceptor because it is so electronegative and if it's not available transport of electrons halt. Oxygen stabilizes the electrons by combining with two hydrogen ions to form H2O.

FADH2

NADH

Hydrogen ions flow down there gradient and enter a half channel before entering binding site within a rotor. This changes its shape so it can spin within the membrane, allowing the ions to leave and pass through is second half channel. the spinning of the rod causes and internal rod to spin the turning the rod activate catalytic sites in the knob below the rod that produces ATP

The chain is an energy converter that uses the exogenic flow of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to pump H+ ions across the membrane, forming H+ gradient.

In oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis uses energy stored in the form of H+ and proton-motive forces is an H+ gradient.

H+

H+ H+

Protine Complex of Electron Carriers

H+

Cyt C

ATP Synthase Q 2H+ +1/O2

H2O

FADH2 FAD

NADH NAD+

ADP+P2

ATP

H+ Electron Transport Chain

Chemiosmosis

Oxidative Phosphorylation

3 2

2NADH 2FADH2 6NADH 2FADH

Glucose

2 ATP

2 pyruvate

2NADH

2 acetyl CoA

2FADH2

Citric Acid Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation

+2ATP

About 30 +32 ATP

about 26 t 28 ATP

Ratio of NAD+ to ATP is not a whole number, ATP yield varies depending on type of shuttle used to transport, and use of proton motive forces generation by the redox reaction of respiration to drive other work.

oxygen

electron transport chain

Organic molecules which are pyruvate or acetaldehyde

CO2 releases from the pyruvate and is converted to acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde Is reduced by NADH to ethanol which regenerates the supply of NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue.

Pyruvate is reduced by NADH to form lactate with no release of CO2.

They are proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

Catabolic reactions energy is generated and anabolic reactions energy is consumed.

C

B

A

Dy6

A

B

17. Glycolysis occurs if O2 is present or not, if oxygen is present we can get a bigger payoff from the pyruvate and NADH can be extracted by the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation....