3 styles - Lecture notes 2,3 PDF

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these are basic intro notes to criminal justice 1500...

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3 styles Watchman: early English custom and law put local law enforcement in the hands of local officials(constable, etc Statue of Winchester modifies the constabulary model ● Specifies creation of watch in cities and towns ● Established draft of all eligible males to serve ● Institutionalized hue and cry ● Requires people to keep weapons I their home Need to address formally issues of social control evident by Elizabethan period ● First paid watchman start in London ● Johnathan wild and Henry fielding start the bow street runners Remains the dominant style of policing in many small communities and where face to face relationships are strong Legalistic Intoduced by sir Robert peel ● Prime minister from 1841 to 1846 ● Introduced reforms to criminal justice system as Home Secretary under the duke of Wellington ● Established metropolitan police force in response to metropolitan police act(1829) ● Successful result: by 1835 Peels principles ● Police represents the law ● Prevention of crime is the basic mission of the police ● The deployment of police strength both by time and area is essential ● The distribution of crime news is absolutely essential ● The absence of crime and disorder is the test of police efficiency Police organization and operating procedures ● The police must be under government control ● The police must be stable, efficient, and organized along military lines ● Police headquarters should be centrally and easily accessible to the people ● Policeman should be hired on a probationary basis ● The securing and training of proper persons is at the root of efficiency Peels principle 2 ● A citizens respect for the law develops his respect for the police ● Cooperation of the public decreases as the use of force increases ● Physical force is used only as the last resort

● No quality is more indispensable to a policeman

The problems of American policing ● The decentralized nature of the American system made urban police departments subject to urban machine politics ● Private security companies and vigilantes filled in gaps not covered by law enforcement Reform policing August volume ● Berkeley police chief ● Founder of criminology program at uc Berkeley ● Regarded as father of the reform era of policing ● Telephone call boxes ● Mobile police ● Modus operandi file system ● National fingerprinting bureau ● Recruits college students ● Psych test ● Development of the lie detector Limitation of the legalistic style Police misact ● Wicjersham commision(1931) ● Probation ● Third degree ● Police subculture 1950ʼs and 1960ʼs ● Warren court affirms due process and expands civil liberties ● Mapp v. Ohio reaffirms exclusionary rule ● Gideon v. Wainwright(1963) right to counsel ● Miranda v. Arizona(1966) reading of the rights ● Civil rights and anti war movements Presidential commission on law enforcement and the administration of justice Improve community relations generally ● Involve police in community planning ● Establish clear and straightfoward mechanisms for filing citizen complaints Improve relations with minority community ● Establish citizen advisory communities in minority neighborhoods ● Recruit more minority police officers Improve the quality of policing ● Establish police standards commissions I every state ● Move toward college educated police force ● Produce scholarly research on evidence based practice Kansas City preventative patrol study ● Does changing the number of police patrols affect the crime rate?

● Does responding to requests for police faster improve the clearance rate?

Three types of groups ● No preventative patrol ● Standard preventative patrol ● Saturated preventative patrol Results ● Started areas did not experience les crime ● Areas without patrol did not experience an increase In crime ● Saturated patrols did not decrease citizens fear in crime ● Faster response times did not lead to increase in arrests Newark and flint studies Patrolling affects attitudes more than it affects crime ● Crime did not increase in patrol areas ● Citizens attitudes toward police improved In patrol areas ● Citizens fear of crime increased in patrol areas Foot patrolling affects officers outlook ● Officers assigned to foot patrols had higher levels of job satisfaction ● Offers assigned to foot patrols had higher levels of perceived personal safety...