6.1 - 6.3 Reading Guide PDF

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6.1 An Overview of Metabolism (p. 119-121) Metabolism is the set of biochemical reactions that transforms molecules and transfers energy. LO 6.1 Evaluate how the principles of energy flow affect living systems. Terminology: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): the molecule that provides energy in a form that all cells can readily use to perform the work of the cell. Phototrophs: an organism that captures energy from sunlight Chemotrophs: an organism that derives its energy directly from organic molecules such as glucose Autotrophs: any organism that is able to synthesize its own food using energy from sunlight or inorganic chemicals; a primary producer Heterotrophs: an organism that obtains its carbon from organic molecules synthesized by other organisms Metabolism: the chemical reactions occurring within cells that convert one molecule into another and transfer energy in living organisms Catabolism: the set of chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller units and, in the process, produce ATP to meet the energy needs of the cell Anabolism: the set of chemical reactions that build molecules from smaller units utilizing an input of energy, usually in the form of ATP. Anabolic reactions result in net energy storage within cells and the organism Self-Assessment Questions: 1. What are the ways that organisms obtain energy and carbon from the environment? What are the names used to describe these organisms? Organisms either obtain energy from sunlight, which is phototrophs, or from chemical compounds, which are chemotrophs. These are then broken down into how they obtain carbon: autotrophs, obtain carbon directly from organic compounds, while heterotrophs obtain carbon from organic compounds from other organisms. 2. What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? Catabolism is the process that breaks down macromolecules in order to make energy, or ATP, while anabolism is the process that makes macromolecules that require energy, usually through ATP.

3. Oakt r eesar ecat egor i zedas: A. photoheterotrophs. B. chemoheterotrophs. C. photoautotrophs. D. chemoautotrophs.

6.2: Kinetic and Potential Energy (p. 119-123) Kinetic energy is energy of motion, and potential energy is stored energy. LO 6.2 Contrast the two basic forms of energy, potential and kinetic energy.

Terminology: Energy: a property of objects that makes work possible; energy can be transferred from one object to another, and cannot be created or destroyed Kinetic energy: the energy of motion Potential energy: stored energy that is released by a change in an object’s structure or position Chemical energy: a form of potential energy held in the chemical bonds between pairs of atoms that holds them together

Self-Assessment Questions: 4. What are the two forms of energy? Provide an example of each. The two forms of energy are kinetic energy, or the energy of motion, and potential energy, or the energy of an object’s position or structure. For example potential energy would be a ball sitting at the top of a hill while kinetic energy would be when the ball is rolling down the hill. 5. What is the relationship between strength of covalent bond and the amount of chemical energy it contains? Chemical energy is the energy that is found in chemical bonds, including covalent bonds. If a covalent bond is stronger then it has less chemical energy because the bonds are harder to break, while if a covalent bond is weaker it has more chemical energy because the bonds are easier to break. 6. Draw the structure of ATP, indicating the bonds that are broken during hydrolysis. bonds in phosphate groups are broken during hydrolysis

7. Car boncar boncoval entbonds,suc hast heonesi ncar bohy dr at esandl i pi ds,ar e_____andhav e _____. A. weak; little potential energy B.

strong; a lot of kinetic energy

C.

strong; little kinetic energy

D.

strong; a lot of potential energy

E.

weak; a lot of potential energy 8. Oft hemol ec ul es ,whi c hhast hegr eat es tc hemi cal pot ent i alener gy ? A. water

B.

sodium chloride

C.

carbon dioxide

D.

alanine

E.

glucose

6.3 Laws of Thermodynamics (p.123-124) The first and second laws of thermodynamics govern energy flow in biological systems. LO 6.3 Evaluate how the laws of thermodynamics apply to biological systems. Terminology: First law of thermodynamics: the law of conservation of energy; energy can neither be created nor destroyed- it can only be transformed from one form into another Second law of thermodynamics: the principle that the transformation of energy is associated with an increase in the degree of disorder in the universe Entropy: the amount of disorder (or the number of possible positions and motions of molecules) in a system Self-Assessment Questions: 9. What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics and how do the relate to chemical reactions? The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transferred. The second law of thermodynamics states that the transformation of energy is associated with the increase in disorder, or entropy. Chemical reactions have to follow the laws of thermodynamics, this means that with the energy created by chemical reactions some may be involved in entropy while some is used in the cell. 10. Cold air has less entropy than hot air. The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy always increases. Do air conditioners violate this law?

No, air conditioners do not violate this law because of the hot air that air conditioners but off outside. Air conditioners but more hot air outside than cold air inside so the accurate amount of entropy is still there when including the hot air given off outside....