AB11e Ch09 Test Bank (with answers) PDF

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Animal Behavior, Eleventh Edition John Alcock, Linda Green, Paul Nolan, and Dustin Rubenstein Chapter 9: Reproductive Behavior Multiple Choice 1. The incubation of eggs by a male starling is an example of a. male–male competition sexual selection. b. female choice sexual selection. c. male parental investment. d. female parental investment. Answer: c 2. The attack of a fellow female’s eggs by a female starling is an example of a. male–male competition sexual selection. b. female choice sexual selection. c. male parental investment. d. female parental investment. Answer: d 3. The tusk of the male narwhal is an example of a. male–male competition sexual selection. b. female choice sexual selection. c. male parental investment. d. female parental investment. Answer: a 4. The presentation of a diamond ring to a woman by her husband-to-be is an example of a. male–male competition sexual selection. b. female choice sexual selection. c. male parental investment. d. female parental investment. Answer: b 5. The transfer of large quantities of sperm to a polyandrous female fruit fly by a male is an example of a. male–male competition sexual selection. b. female choice sexual selection. c. male parental investment. d. female parental investment. Answer: a

Questions 6−9. Refer to the figure below.

P stands for “parental,” and the other letters represent animal species. Species V and Y are the only ones that exhibit male parental care; the others are exclusively maternal care species. There are several ancestral species, of which A is basal. 6. Which species lived longest ago? a. A b. B c. C d. D Answer: a 7. Which species has given rise to exactly four living descendant species? a. A b. B c. C d. D Answer: b 8. Which two species illustrate one case of divergent evolution? a. V and Y b. W and X c. W and Z d. Y and Z Answer: d 9. Which pair of species illustrates a case of convergent evolution? a. V and W

b. V and Y c. W and X d. Y and Z Answer: b 10. Persons studying male bluegill (a type of fish) reproductive behavior have discovered three different methods of male reproduction: territoriality, sneaking, and satellite behavior. We hypothesize that these long-standing differences are hereditary. Which of the following predictions would follow from this hypothesis? a. Sneaking males should have sneaking sons. b. The reproductive success of the three types must be different. c. The environment should have no effect on the development of sneaking behavior. d. The presence of satellite males should lower the fitness of those females whose eggs they fertilize. Answer: a 11. If we hypothesize that the behavioral differences among bluegill (a type of fish) males are the product of a conditional strategy, which of the following predictions would follow from this hypothesis? a. Territorial males should have territorial sons. b. The reproductive success of the three types could be different. c. The environment should have no effect on the development of satellite behavior. d. The presence of satellites should increase the fitness of those females whose eggs they fertilize. Answer: b Questions 12−13. Males of the marine isopod Paracerceis sculpta come in three sizes: large alphas, medium betas, and small gammas. When the average fitness of each type was measured, researchers found that there were no statistically significant differences among the three types. 12. This finding constitutes test evidence because the data a. were gathered to check a prediction from a conditional strategy hypothesis only. b. prove that the conditional strategy hypothesis is correct for this species. c. were gathered to check a prediction from a three-strategies hypothesis only. d. were gathered to check predictions from both conditional strategy and three-strategies hypotheses. Answer: d 13. The lack of a fitness difference between the three male phenotypes suggests that the behavioral differences among them are hereditary because a. all phenotypes are 50 percent genetic and 50 percent environmental. b. the three phenotypes are three adaptations maintained because of their equal fitness effects. c. the three phenotypes appear to be three tactics controlled by a single conditional strategy. d. the three phenotypes have to be hereditary if they are to help the species improve over time. Answer: b

14. Why might male Mormon crickets have a lower potential reproductive rate than females? a. Because they make relatively few sperm, compared to the egg production rate of females. b. Because males compete so intensely for mates that this shortens their lifespan. c. Because males donate a very large, hard-to-replace spermatophore to each mate. d. Because females make almost no parental investment in their offspring. Answer: c

Short Answer Questions 15−18. In the narwhal, females live in groups and males have an elongate tooth (a tusk). We hypothesize that the tusk is a functional weapon that has evolved by sexual selection and enables males with the biggest weapon to be polygynous. We wish to test this version if sexual selection via the comparative method. Determine whether each of the following predictions represents (a) a legitimate use or (b) an illegitimate use of the comparative method. 15. Males of the beluga, the narwhal’s closest relatives, should also use their teeth in clashes over access to females. Answer: illegitimate 16. The bodies of male narwhals should be marked by scars of the sort that could be produced by narwhal tusks. Answer: illegitimate 17. In the warthog, a wild pig species in which females live in small bands, the males should have much larger protruding tusks than the females. Answer: legitimate 18. In a giant scarab beetle, males with the largest rhinoceros-like horns should be more likely to be polygynous than those with smaller horns. Answer: legitimate Questions 19–21. Prior to class, go to the Web of Science or the Internet to locate the paper by C. D. MacLeod titled “Intraspecific scarring in odontocete cetaceans: an indicator of male ‘quality’ in aggressive social interactions?” 19. From the references, provide a complete, correct citation for a paper by Hobson and Martin on another whale species. Answer: Hobson R. P., Martin A. R. 1996. Behaviour and dive times of Arnoux’s beaked whales, Berardius arnuxii, at narrow leads in fast ice. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74 (2): 388–393. 20. Based on information in the abstract of MacLeod’s paper, make a prediction about the diet of the beluga, a very close relative of the narwhal, but one that has many teeth, not just one.

Answer: If the beluga and narwhal have diverged in their diets, as seems likely from their different teeth arrangements, then perhaps the belugas will not eat squid and jellyfish but instead will focus on more difficult-to-grasp prey, such as fish. 21. Based on information in the abstract of MacLeod’s paper, make a prediction about which sex of the beaked whales (Family: Ziphiidae) should have enlarged teeth if these species have evolved convergently with the narwhal. Answer: If the narwhal’s tusk is the product of sexual selection for success in male aggressive combat, then the beaks of the beaked whales, which are not close relatives of the narwhal, should also be restricted to males. Questions 22–26. For each of the following traits, designate PI if the trait is an example of parental investment and NO if the trait cannot be categorized as parental investment. 22. The donation by a mother elephant seal of special nutrients and biochemicals other than DNA to her eggs Answer: PI 23. A female starling’s destruction of the eggs laid by another female that has mated with the first female’s partner (because a male starling with only one mate will help her incubate the eggs) Answer: PI 24. The elaborate ornaments that a male bird of paradise possesses, without which he will not attract a mate Answer: NO 25. The transfer of large quantities of sperm to a female, which increases the probability that one of these sperm will fertilize the eggs Answer: NO 26. The production and transfer of chemicals (in a male ejaculate) to a female fruit fly that increase the probability that the sperm transferred to her at the same time will fertilize her eggs Answer: NO...