Academic Writing-PPT PDF

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english for academic purposes...

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English+Language+2

Academic(Writing

What(is(academic(writing?

Q A

Academic+Year+2020/2021

Academic+writing+is+the+formal+writing+style+used+in+ universities+and+scholarly+publications+(e.g.+research+ papers,+abstracts,+essays,+dissertations,+textbooks,+etc.)

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Considerations(in(academic(writing audience

style

purpose academic( writing

organization

flow

Considerations(in(academic(writing e.g.(instructor,(thesis(committees,( audience research(reviewers,(students,(etc.

style

purpose academic( writing

flow

Academic+Year+2020/2021

organization

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English+Language+2

Considerations(in(academic(writing audience

style

1.(WHEN(THE(AUDIENCE(KNOWS( MORE(THAN(THE(WRITER:(to(display( intelligence,(familiarity(with(and( expertise(in(the(topic

purpose academic( writing

2.(WHEN(THE(WRITER(KNOWS( MORE(THAN(THE(AUDIENCE:( instructional

organization

flow

Considerations(in(academic(writing audience

style

purpose academic( writing

flow

Academic+Year+2020/2021

each(type(of(academic(genre(has( its(structure(writers(need(to( follow((e.g.(IMRAD(structure(of( RAs,(CARS(model(of(Intros) organization

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Considerations(in(academic(writing audience

style

purpose academic( writing

organization

flow a(clear(connection(of(ideas( helps(readers(follow(the(text

Considerations(in(academic(writing audience academic(style(differs(from(one(area( of(study(to(another,(but(common( traits(of(academic(writing(exist style

purpose academic( writing

flow

Academic+Year+2020/2021

organization

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General(stylistic(features(of(academic(writing

General(stylistic(features(of(AW vocabulary impersonal( structures

formulaic( language

AW collocations

nominalization

discourse( markers

Academic+Year+2020/2021

complex( NPs

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Vocabulary • Informal+verbs,+nouns+and+adjectives+are+usually+avoided − formal(verbs:(examine/study+(take+a+look),+investigate+(look+into),+omit+(leave+out) − formal(nouns:(pledge+(promise),+sibling+(brother+and+sister),+premises+(building[s]) − formal(adjectives:(characteristic+(typical),+problematic+(difficult),+correct+(right)

• Contractions+are+not+used • ‘General-purpose’+words+such+as+do,+have and+get are+replaced+by+more+specific+ terminology − Further,research,will,be,carried'out.,(better+than+…will,be,done) − The,team,experienced'a'number'of'problems.,(better+than+…had,a,lot,of,problems) − Early,investigators,obtained ambiguous,results.,(better+than+…got,ambiguous,results)

Impersonal(structures

Impersonal+structures… • …enable+writers+to+distance+themselves+from+assertions • …include… − − − −

Academic+Year+2020/2021

it-constructions existential+there passive+voice third+person+self-reference

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Impersonal(structures It-constructions • It'is'difficult'to foresee,a,significant,improvement,in,the,levels,of,poverty,in, Liberia,while,the,fighting,continues. (cf.(I,cannot,foresee…) • It is argued that internationalisation,has,a,positive,relationship,with,the, performance,of,small,businesses. (cf.(I,argue,that…)+ • It is clear that the,water-gas-shift,reaction,dominates,over,the,gas, composition. (cf.(I,conclude,that…)

Impersonal(structures Existential there • There'was'no,evidence,of,any,weight,loss,as,reported,for,other,marking, methods,,and,most,of,the,tattooed,animals,did,not,show,any,behaviours, indicating,irritation,after,being,marked. (cf.(I,found,no,evidence…) • There'are a,number,of,conclusions,that,can,be,drawn,from,this,comparative, study,of,hospital,procedure. (cf.(I,can,draw,a,number,of,conclusions…)

Academic+Year+2020/2021

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English+Language+2

Impersonal(structures Passive(voice • 72,students,were'divided'into,two,groups,and,asked to,read,and,listen,to,two, expository,texts.,One,group,received,the,texts,in,their,L1,(Slovak),and,the,other, group,in,their,L2,(English).,Afterwards,the,participants,were'tested'on,their, knowledge,of,twelve,technical,words,that,appeared,in,the,texts.,The,responses, were'examined'in,terms,of,the,completeness,of,word,meaning,and,the, presence,of,errors. • A,total,of,14,cases,were'recorded.,The,data,were'analysed'using,principles,of, conversation,analysis,and,thematic,analysis,set,within,hermeneutic, interpretative,framework.,In,order,to,illuminate,presentations,of,autonomy,in, practice,,focus-group,discussions,with,nurses,and,older,people,were'used'as, part,of,the,interpretative,process.

What(is(the(function(of(passive(voice?

Q A

Passive+voice+foregrounds+the+writer/researcher+and+places+ concepts,+objects+and+processes+in+initial+position+with+the+result+ that+the+topic+of+the+clause+is+clear e.g. 1. 72(students were+divided+into+two+groups 2. [72(students(were](asked+to+read+and+listen+to+two+ expository+texts 3. the(participants(were+tested 4. The(responses(were+examined

Academic+Year+2020/2021

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Degree course in+Languages,+Civilisation and+the+Science+of+Language

English+Language+2

What(is(the(function(of(passive(voice?

Q A

Passive+voice+is+more+economical+than+active+voice

“ In+many+cases+where+passives+are+used,+the+subject+of+an+

active+voice+verb+would+be+just+a+vague+group+of+researchers,+ perhaps+The,members,of,our,research,team,who,did,the,statistical, analysis,found,no,significant,differences. In+these+cases,+the+ passive+voice+expression+(no,significant,differences,were,found)+ is+more+economical+and+equally+informative.

“

Biber and+Conrad+(2009:+123)

Impersonal(structures Third(person(self-reference

• This'article'looks,at,the,effects,of,transoceanic,migration,on,rural,Sicilian, families.,The'author'focuses,on,the,conflicts,,stresses,,and,transformations, experienced,by,members,of,transnational,families.,[…],This'essay'highlights,the, deeply,gendered,nature,of,transnational,migration,,and,the,whole,of,the,family, in,altering,ideas,of,husband,,wife,,mother,and,father.,

Academic+Year+2020/2021

©+Francesca+Coccetta+++++9

Degree course in+Languages,+Civilisation and+the+Science+of+Language

English+Language+2

What(is(nominalization?

Q A

Nominalization+is+the+preference+of+nouns+over+a+verb+or+ an+adjective+to+express+actions+or+properties Verb

Nominalization

Adjective

Nominalization

analyse

analysis

similar

similarity

investigate

investigation

fair

fairness

demonstrate

demonstration

secure

security

clarify occur

clarification occurrence

beneficial relevant

benefit relevance

develop

development

stable

stability

Nominalization Nominalizations(from(verbs • Governments,or,central,banks,vary'(verb)+interest,rates,to,control (verb)+the, economy. Ü Variations'(noun)+in,interest,rates,are,a,key,instrument,in,economic,control (noun). • If,companies,continue to,burn'(verb)+the,forests,,they,are,likely,to, destroy (verb)+much,of,the,local,flora,and,fauna. Ü The,continued,burning'(noun)+of,the,forest,will,lead,to,the,destruction (noun)+of,much,of,the,local,flora,and,fauna.

Academic+Year+2020/2021

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English+Language+2

Nominalization Nominalizations(from(adjectives • The,judge,will,decide,finally,on,how,long (adjective)+the,offender,remains,in, jail. Ü The,judge,will,make,the,final,decision,on,the length (adjective)+of,the, offender’s,prison,sentence. • The,context,in,which,it,is,exhibited,may,determine,whether,or,not,a,painting,is, powerful (adjective). Ü The,power'(noun)+of,a,painting,may,be,determined,by,the,context,in,which,it, is,exhibited.

What(is(the(function(of(nominalization?

Q A

Nominalization…+ • …enables+writers+to+integrate+a+considerable+amount+of+ information+into+a+NP e.g. − Governments+or+central+banks+vary((verb),interest+rates+to+ control (verb),the+economy. Ü Variations((noun),in+interest+rates+are+a+key(instrument( (additional,information) in+economic+control (noun). N.B.:(The+nominalized+noun+(e.g.+variations)+conceals+the+doer+of+ the+action

Academic+Year+2020/2021

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English+Language+2

What(is(the(function(of(nominalization?

Q A

Nominalization…+ • …is+used+to+create+relationships+between+things+(e.g.+causeand-effect+relationships) e.g. − The,continued,burning'(noun)+of,the,forest,will,lead,to,the, destruction (noun)+of,much,of,the,local,flora,and,fauna., Ü The,continued,burning'(noun)+of,the,forest,will'lead'to'the, destruction (noun)+of,much,of,the,local,flora,and,fauna.

What(is(the(noun(phrase?

Q A

Academic+Year+2020/2021

The+noun+phrase+(NP)+is+a+grammatical+unit+built+from+ words,+consisting+of+a+noun+or+a+pronoun+as+head+(i.e.+ obligatory+element)+

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What(is(the(structure(of(a(noun(phrase?

Q A

There+are+two+types+of+NPs: • the(simple(NP (DETERMINER)+++HEAD e.g.(people,+she,+my+friends • the(complex(NP DETERMINER ++PREMODIFICATION ++HEAD ++POST MODIFICATION

e.g.(industrially+advanced+countries,+a+market+system+ that+has+no+imperfections

Complex(NPs Types(of(pre- and(postmodifiers DETERMINER PREMODIFIERS

HEAD

POSTMODIFIERS

*+adjective *+participial

*+relative+clause *+to-infinitive+clause

*+noun

*+ing-infinitive+clause *+ed-infinitive+clause *+prepositional+phrase *+appositive+noun+phrase *+adjective+phrase

Academic+Year+2020/2021

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Complex(NPs

Biber et,al.,+2002:+267

[Professor,H.C.,Urey],has,suggested,that,[rare, collisions between,the,earth,and,comets,,recorded,as, scatters,of,tektites],,must,have,produced,[vast, quantities of,energy,that,would,have,been,sufficient, to,heat,up,considerably,both,the,atmosphere,and,the, surface,layers,of,the,ocean]. Legend: […]:+top-level+noun+phrases bold:+head+noun

Complex(NPs

Noun(+(noun(sequence e.g. • shale,gas,=,gas,that,comes,from,shale,Ü meaning+relation:+source • back,pain,=,pain,in,the,back,Ü meaning+ relation:+location • defence,systems,=,systems,that,are,used, for,defence,Ü meaning+relation:+ purpose Biber et,al.,+2002:+268

Academic+Year+2020/2021

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English+Language+2

Complex(NPs Mortality,[among stock,[of eggs],[stored,outdoors,in,the, ground] averaged,70%;,eggs,[collected,the,following, spring,from,a,large,number,[of natural,habitats,[in the, central,part,[of the,province]]] suffered,a,46%,reduction, [in viability],[which,could,only,be,attributed,to,this, exposure,[to cold]].,Further,evidence,[of the,association, [of winter,egg,mortality,[with sub-zero,temperatures, and,snow,cover]]] was,reported,by Riegert (1967a). Legend: […]:+postmodifiers bold:+preposition+associated+with+postmodifier underlined: top-level+noun+phrases Biber et,al.,+2002:+269

Discourse(markers

Discourse+markers+(A.K.A.+transition+signals)… • …are+words+and+expressions+which+help+to+structure+spoken+exchanges+and+ written+text • …make+the+structure+of+the+text+clear

Academic+Year+2020/2021

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Discourse(markers Function

Subordinators

Addition

Sentence(Connectors

Phrase(Linkers

furthermore,,in,addition,,moreover

in,addition,to

Adversativity

although,, despite,the,fact

however,,nevertheless

despite,,in,spite,of

Cause+and+effect

because,,since

therefore,,as,a,result,,consequently,, hence,,thus

because,of,,due,to,, as,a,result,of

in,other,words,,that,is,,i.e. in,contrast,,however,,on,the,other, hand,,conversely

unlike

Clarification while,,whereas

Contrast Illustration

for,example,,for,instance

Intensification

on,the,contrary,,in,fact

Subordinators introduce+a+dependent+clause+that+must+be+joined+to+a+complete+sentence Sentence(connectors(introduce+a+complete+sentence+or+independent+clause Phrase(linkers(introduce+a+noun+phrase

What(are(collocations?

Q A

Collocations+are+words+which+frequently+appear+together Unlike+with+grammar,+it+is+not+possible+to+define+ rules+for+how+collocation+works See+Academic+Collocation+List:+ https://www.eapfoundation.com/vocab/academic/acl/

Academic+Year+2020/2021

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Collocations

RESEARCH (for) research purposes,+research effort,+research evidence,+research findings,+ research methodology,+research topic,+academic research,+basic research,+ carry+out research (of),+comparative research,+conduct research,+ considerable research,+current research,+earlier research,+ educational research,+empirical research,+existing research,+ experimental research,+extensive research,+field research,+further research,+ future research,+initial research,+little research,+original research,+ past research,+previous research,+primary research,+publish research,+ published research,+qualitative research,+quantitative research,+ recent research,+scholarly research,+scientific research,+traditional research,+ undertake research

What(are(formulaic(expressions?

Q A

Formulaic+expressions+are+fixed+or+frequently+occurring+ combinations+of+(three+or+more)+words

One+third+of+academic+writing+is+formulaic+in+nature See+Academic+Formulas+List:+ https://www.eapfoundation.com/vocab/academic/afl/

Academic+Year+2020/2021

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English+Language+2

Formulaic(expressions on+the+other+hand

due+to+the+fact+that

it+should+be+noted

it+is+not+possible+to

as+can+be+seen

it+is+clear+that

take+into+account

on+the+basis+of+the

as+a+result+of+the

a+wide+range

it+is+interesting

it+is+impossible+to

it+is+obvious+that it+is+necessary+to

it+is+important+to it+is+likely+that

in+accordance+with+the it+is+possible+(that/to)

with+respect+to+the

in+the+present+study

in+this+paper

the+purpose+of+this

with+regard+to

it+appears+that

it+follows+that this+means+that

can+be+considered it+is+difficult

as+a+consequence be+argued+that

for+this+reason

References Biber,+Douglas+and+Conrad,+Susan+(2009).+Register,,Genre,,and,Style. Cambridge:+Cambridge+ University+Press. Biber,+Douglas,+Conrad,+Susan+and+Leech Geoffrey+(2002).+Longman Student Grammar of,Spoken and,Written English.,Harlow:+Pearson. Carter,+Ronald+and+McCarthy,+Michael+(2006).+Cambridge,English,of,English.,A,Comprehensive, Guide.,Spoken and,Written English,Grammar and,Usage.,Cambridge:+Cambridge+University Press. Paterson,+Ken and+Wedge,+Roberta+(2013).+Oxford,Grammar for,EAP.,English,Grammar and, Practice for,Academic Purposes. Oxford:+Oxford+University Press. Swales,+John+and+Feak,+Christine+(2012).+Academic Writing for,Graduate,Students.,Essential Tasks and,Skills.,Third,Edition. Ann Arbor:+The+University of+Michigan. Swan,+Michael+(2016).+Practical English,Usage.,Fourth Edition.,Oxford:+Oxford+University Press.

Academic+Year+2020/2021

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