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Booker T. Washington vs W.E.B DuBois After Reconstruction came to an end Jim Crow Laws segregated blacks and whites in public areas. This meant that there were separate bathrooms, water fountains, and schools, with the areas for blacks being in much worse condition. Two African American leaders stepped forward to lead the fight against this racism: Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Booker T. Washington was born a slave in Virginia in 1856, but gained his freedom thanks to the Emancipation Proclamation. Once free he saved his up money, and after studying hard he was able to attend college at Hampton Institute. He impressed officials there so much that he was soon placed in charge of Tuskegee Institute, an all-black college in Alabama, when he was only 25. From this educational leadership position Washington aided countless African Americans in the U.S. Booker T. Washington was willing to accept a certain amount of segregation, in return blacks gained other opportunities, like schooling and jobs. While he did not like segregation Washington thought it better to live with this type of racism, if it meant better education and employment for blacks. He thought that if blacks received enough education and vocational training, then blacks could prove to whites they were just as smart and worked just as hard. By doing this whites would, over time, get rid of segregation as they came to see blacks as equal Americans. From his position at Tuskegee Institute Booker T. Washington encouraged all African Americans to learn and study hard.

W.E.B. DuBois had different ideas about dealing with racism. Born a free black in Massachusetts in 1868 DuBois worked hard and became the first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard. He dedicated his life to trying end segregation. Along with Ida Wells he founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). This group worked through the court system to prove that Jim Crow Laws were racist, illegal, and should end in the United States W.E.B. DuBois greatly disagreed with his rival Booker T. Washington. DuBois thought that African Americans did not have to prove to anyone that they were equal to whites and should never agree to any sort of segregation. DuBois believed that Washington had sold out the black community by agreeing to live with segregation in return for jobs and vocational training. W.E.B. DuBois believed in full political, economic, civil, and social rights and he and the NAACP fought tooth and nail through the court system to prove that Jim Crow Laws were unfair and should be gone forever. History has not decided who was right, Booker T. Washington or W.E.B. DuBois. Regardless, both men inspired black and white Americans and both did help bring an end to segregation, but who did more for the cause of equality is left up to opinion.

Who is Who? Directions: From the reading decide which African American leader goes with each description. Chose the leader on the right side of the page from the drop down menu. 1) Was the first African American to earn a doctorate: DuBois 2) Put in charge of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama: Washington 3) Pushed for political, economic, civil, and social rights for African Americans: DuBois

4) Thought vocational training and education were the keys to end Jim Crow Laws: Washington 5) Willing to accept a certain amount of segregation if blacks could get better schooling and jobs: Washington 6)

Worked through the court system to try and prove Jim Crow Laws were illegal: DuBois

7)

Wanted to prove that segregation was unfair: DuBois

8) Worked to show that blacks were equal to whites through hard work and education: Washington •

In your own opinion, which leader had a better plan to end segregation? Make sure to back up your argument with examples from the reading and be thorough in your argument. Washington because he made people realize blacks were just as capable as whites

Niagara Movement

The Niagara Movement was a civil rights group organized by W.E.B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter in 1905. After being denied admittance to hotels in Buffalo, New York, the group of twenty-nine business owners, teachers, and clergy who comprised the initial meeting gathered at Niagara Falls, Ontario (Canada) from which the group’s name derives. The principles behind the Niagara Movement were largely in opposition to Booker T. Washington’s philosophy of Accommodationism. Trotter, editor of the Boston Guardian, had publicly reprimanded Washington at a Boston, Massachusetts meeting in 1903. In The Souls of Black Folk (1903), Du Bois had also condemned Washington for his lowered expectations for African Americans. The Niagara Movement drafted a “Declaration of Principles,” part of which stated: “We refuse to allow the impression to remain that the Negro-American assents to inferiority, is submissive under oppression and apologetic before insults.” The Niagara Movement attempted to bring about legal change, addressing the issues of crime, economics, religion, health, and education. The movement stood apart from other black organizations at the time because of its powerful, unequivocal demand for equal rights. The Niagara Movement forcefully demanded equal economic and educational opportunity as well as the vote for black men and

women. Members of the Niagara Movement sent a powerful message to the entire country through their condemnation of racial discrimination and their call for an end to segregation. While the movement had grown to include to 170 members in 34 states by 1906, it also encountered difficulties. W.E.B. Du Bois supported the inclusion of women in the Niagara Movement, William Monroe Trotter did not. Trotter left the movement in 1908 to start his own group, the Negro-American Political League. The Niagara Movement met annually until 1908. In that year a major race riot broke out in Springfield, Illinois. Eight blacks were killed and over 2,000 African Americans fled the city. Symbolically important because it was the first northern race riot in four decades and because it was in the hometown of Abraham Lincoln, black and white activists, including members of the Niagara Movement, felt a new more powerful, interracial organization was now needed to combat racism. Out of this concern, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed. The Niagara Movement was considered the precursor to the NAACP and many of its members, such as W.E.B. Du Bois, were among the new organization’s founders.

Questions: 1. What was the Niagara Movement and who were the leaders? The Niagara Movement was a black civil rights organization, led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. 2. What was the Declaration of Principles? on Equality reflects a moral and professional consensus among human rights and equality

3. What did the Niagara Movement try to accomplish? The Niagara Movement forcefully demanded equal economic and educational opportunity as well as the vote for black men and women.! 4. Why did William Monroe Trotter leave the Niagara Movement? Trotter left the movement in 1908 to start his own group,

5. Why did the Niagara Movement end? Riot got 8 people killed

Founding of the NAACP

The NAACP was established in February 1909 in New York City by an interracial group of activists, partially in response to the 1908 Springfield race riot in Illinois. In that event, two Black men being held in a Springfield jail for alleged crimes against white people were surreptitiously transferred to a jail in another city, spurring a white mob to burn down 40 homes in Springfield’s Black residential district, ransack local businesses and murder two African Americans. The NAACP’s founding members included white progressives Mary White Ovington, Henry Moskowitz, William English Walling and Oswald Garrison Villard, along with such African Americans as W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida WellsBarnett, Archibald Grimke and Mary Church Terrell. In its charter, the NAACP promised to champion equal rights and eliminate racial prejudice, and to “advance the interest of colored citizens” in regard to voting rights, legal justice and educational and employment opportunities.

A white lawyer, Moorfield Storey, became the NAACP’s first president. Du Bois, the only Black person on the initial leadership team, served as director of publications and research. In 1910, Du Bois started The Crisis, which became the leading publication for Black writers; it remains in print today. Since its inception, the NAACP has worked to achieve its goals through the judicial system, lobbying and peaceful protests. In 1910, Oklahoma passed a constitutional amendment allowing people whose grandfathers had been eligible to vote in 1866 to register without passing a literacy test. The NAACP challenged the law and won a legal victory in 1915 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Guinn v. United States that grandfather clauses were unconstitutional. Also in 1915, the NAACP called for a boycott of Birth of a Nation, a movie that portrayed the Ku Klux Klan in a positive light and perpetrated racist stereotypes of Black people. The NAACP’s campaign was largely unsuccessful, but it helped raise the new group’s public profile.

Questions: 1. What were the goals of the NAACP? ensure the political, educational, equality of minority group citizens of States and eliminate race prejudice. 2. What magazine did the NAACP publish? The Crisis magazine

3. How has the NAACP worked to achieve its goals? the judicial system

Urban League ● The efforts of the NAACP mostly helped middle-class blacks, but the ____________ focused on poorer urban workers. ○ It helped families buy clothes and books and helped factory workers and maids find jobs.

The Anti-Defamation League ● African Americans were not alone in seeking their rights. ○ Individuals and organizations of diverse ethnic groups spoke out against injustice and created self-help agencies. the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society ■ Jews in New York City formed the _____________________________ to defend themselves against verbal attacks and false statements. ■ Mexican-Americans in several states formed _________________, groups that gave loans and provided legal assistance to the poor.

Native Americans ● Carlos Montezuma, a Native American from Arizona, helped establish the Trail of Broken Treaties? _______________________ in 1911, the first organization formed to promote Indian rights and protest federal Indian policy. ? ● He urged Native Americans to ___________ their cultures and avoid being ? _____________ on the government. ● Many reformers, who hoped that Indians could be assimilated into American society like immigrants, found this position _______________.

● The Dawes Act barred Native Americans from selling their plots of land for 25 years. amilation ○ This policy was intended to speed Native Americans' _____________ into white society. ● By the 1920s, however, it was clear that the policy was not achieving this goal. ○ So, Congress tried another approach. ● The ________________________________________ made all Native Americans citizens of the United States, with full voting rights. ● For Native Americans, this law was an important step toward political equality _________ immigrants? with other _____________________....