AGR244 Written Assignment AT110 Part 4 (Rhinoceros Beetles in Oil Palm) PDF

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FACULTY OF PLANTATION ANDAGROTECHNOLOGYDIPLOMA IN PLANTING INDUSTRYMANAGEMENT (AT110)UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN SARAWAKAGR 244 – PEST MANAGEMENTINDIVIDUAL WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTTitle:Rhinoceros Beetle in Oil PalmPREPARED BY:NAME : CASSIDY ANAK AMBUNSTUDENT ID. : 2018634412GROUP : AT1104AFor LECT...

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FACULTY OF PLANTATION AND AGROTECHNOLOGY DIPLOMA IN PLANTING INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT (AT110) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN SARAWAK AGR24 AGR244 4 – PEST MANA MANAGEMENT GEMENT INDIVIDUA INDIVIDUAL L WRITTEN AS ASSIGNMENT SIGNMENT Title: Rhinoceros Beetle in Oil Palm PREPARED BY: NAME : CASSIDY ANAK AMBUN STUDENT ID. : 2018634412 GROUP : AT1104A For LECTURER’s use only:

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Student Name: Cassidy anak Ambun Student ID: 2018634412

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Student Name: Cassidy anak Ambun Student ID: 2018634412

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 4

2.0

SCIENTIFIC NAME .......................................................................................................... 5

3.0

COMMON NAME .............................................................................................................. 5

4.0

BACKGROUND OF INFESTATION .............................................................................. 6

5.0

SYMPTOMS....................................................................................................................... 6

6.0

SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES ........................................................................ 7

7.0

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 9

8.0

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 10

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Student Name: Cassidy anak Ambun Student ID: 2018634412

1.0 INTRODUCTION Rhinoceros beetles (Oryctes rhinoceros) are pests that attack palm trees in the early stages of the crop. It breeds in the decay of crop waste such as oil palm trunks, empty palm bunches, palm fiber and other organic matter. Adult rhinoceros beetles have a single horn on the head (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Adult rhinoceros beetles There are five stages of development in the life cycle of rhinoceros beetles, namely the stages of eggs, larvae (instar 1, instar 2 and instar 3), pupa, and adult (Figure 2). Stages of eggs, larvae, and pupa thrive in the remains of decaying plants such as oil palm trunks. The adult beetle is brownish black with a single horn. The life span of a female adult beetle is nine months and the male is six months. The differences between female and male rhinoceros beetles can be physically identified. Female beetles have a fine furry structure on the back of the abdomen while male beetles have no furry structure (Figure 3).

Figure 2: The life cycle of rhinoceros beetle

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Student Name: Cassidy anak Ambun Student ID: 2018634412

Figure 3: Female rhinoceros beetles (right) have look-like soft fur structure on the back of the abdomen (arrows), while male beetles (left) have none.

2.0 SCIENTIFIC NAME The scientific name for rhinoceros beetles is Oryctes rhinoceros. Oryctes rhinoceros are a species of rhinoceros beetles of the Scarabaeidae family. A subfamily of the rhinoceros beetles family is the Dynastinae (Table 1). Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Coleoptera

Family

Scarabaeidae

Sub Family

Dynastinae

Genus

Chalcosoma

Species

Chalcosoma atlas

Table 1: Oryctes rhinoceros classification 3.0 COMMON NAME Oryctes rhinoceros, commonly known as Rhinoceros beetle, also known as by its local name, which is ‘kumbang tanduk’ or ‘kumbang badak,’ It because they have horns (tanduk) on their head like the horn of a rhinoceros (badak). Rhinoceros beetle will make a hissing sound when threatened and lifted its body upward. Other common names for some of them in particular groups of rhinoceros beetles are including Hercules beetles, unicorn beetles or horn beetles.

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Student Name: Cassidy anak Ambun Student ID: 2018634412

4.0 BACKGROUND OF INFESTATION The coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (L.), is a pest species that occurs across several tropical regions of the world. Adult rhinoceros beetles become one of the most dangerous palm insects in Asia and the Pacific Islands can cause great damage to wild and plantation palms that are economically valuable. Adults feed on leaves and dig holes into the crown, leading to the stunting of the plant growth. However, rhinoceros beetles virus was discovered around 1963 in Malaysia and has been introduced to several countries in the South and the Indian Ocean, such as Western Samoa, Mauritius, Tonga, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and Indonesia and Maldives. The virus infects both larvae and adults and contributes to drastic decreases in the number of plagues and palms over a 1-to-2-year time span. Since a ban on burning of old palms and organic matter for clearance in the 1990s was enforced, the rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (L.), has become the main threats to oil palm trees (Elaeis guineesis). 5.0 SYMPTOMS Adult beetles attack and cause damage to palm trees. Rhino beetle attacks are usually more severe on young palm trees aged between one to three years than mature palm trees. Adult beetles attack palm trees by digging the base of the fronds using their horns up to the soft part of the kernel tissue to suck fluid into the tissue. This will leave fiber fibers outside the hole he dug. The effect of the attack causes damage to the young leaves that come out shaped like a fan at the end ( Figure 4). As a result, the holes in the fronds cause the fronds to break (Figure 5).

Figure 4: The frond of the leaves looks like they have been cutted off and shaped like a fan.

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Student Name: Cassidy anak Ambun Student ID: 2018634412

Figure 5: The base of the frond leaves of young tree easily broken by the rhinoceros beetle attack.

6.0 SUGGESTED CONTROL MEASURES There are several effective methods of controlling rhinoceros beetles such as the use of Metarhizium fungus and pheromone traps 6.1 Metarhizium fungus MPOB has conducted research to find effective and safe alternative control methods. A fungus called Metarhizium has been discovered. This fungus is capable of killing all stages life of rhinoceros beetles and is safe for non-target animals, aquatic life and insects. Metarhizium fungi can be found in soil component. It develops and creates spores and when mature, is dark green. It germinates and develops fine suckers called hyphae when it in its optimum conditions. The peculiar characteristic of this fungus is that it can infect rhinoceros beetles when the spores contact with the skin of rhinoceros beetles, infection begins when the hyphae start crawling on the skin. This hyphae actively releases enzymes that slowly digest the skin before insect skin is penetrated by the hyphae. Hyphae begin to accumulate in insects body and release chemical toxins that paralyze the immune system of the body caused to die due to the major development of hyphae in the insect's interior. The body of a dead beetle will usually harden and the hyphae will expand and re-emerge to the surface of the skin after two to three days, forming new spores (Figure 6).

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Student Name: Cassidy anak Ambun Student ID: 2018634412

Figure 6: Larvae (above) and adult (below) rhino beetles die and are covered with Metarhizium spores.

6.2 Pheromone traps One of the most common controls is the use of pheromone traps that comes with many variation (Figure 7). It was designed as a trap for adult rhinoceros beetles. For mass trapping and controlling, the mixed of biological control agents with the pheromone of the rhinoceros beetle was used. Pheromone traps were used inside a replanting block to observe the movement and activity trend of adults Oryctes. Trapping was implemented for a period of 24 months for around five months of replanting. The block infestation occurred almost concurrently with the replanting period. Between the fourth and seventh months after the completion of felling and chipping, the core region of the block was infested. Female beetles were frequently mostly trapped at the fringes than at the core of the replanting block. In rainy weather, a growth in beetle flight activity was observed, possibly due to their need for moist breeding areas. Then during full moon, male beetles were much more aggressive, probably navigating for food and looking for suitable habitats leading up for mating.

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Figure 7: The variation of pheromone traps.

7.0 CONCLUSION Rhinoceros beetles (Oryctes rhinoceros) is a major palm oil pest that needs to be immediately controlled, particularly after replanting, where palm trees are still young. All preventive measures should be taken from the area to the stage where the trees are planted on the farm from as early as the cleaning process. To overcome the attack of rhinoceros beetles, adequate and effective control techniques should be practiced. The rhinoceros beetle population can be kept at a low level by this measure. This in turn decreases the risk of attack on palm trees and in turn, ensures optimum production of palm fruit.

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Student Name: Cassidy anak Ambun Student ID: 2018634412

8.0 REFERENCES Bedford, G. O. (2014, September). Journal of Oil Palm Research. (G. O. Bedford, Ed.) Advances in the Control of Rhinoceros Beetles, Oryctes rhinoceros in Oil Palm, 26(3), 183-194. Chung, G. F. (1997). The bioefficacy of the aggregation pheromone in mass trapping of rhinoceros beetles (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) in Malaysia. Ebor Research. Shah Alam, Selangor (Malaysia): Sime Darby Plantations. Huger, A. M. (2005, May). The Oryctes virus: its detection, identification, and implementation in biological control of the coconut palm rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (1st

ed.,

Vol.

89). Germany, Institute for

Biological Control,

Heinrichstrasse 243, 64287 Darmstadt: Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2005.02.010 Kamaruddin, N., & Wahid, M. B. (2004, December). Journal of Oil Palm Research. Immigration and Activity of Oryctes rhinoceros within A Small Oil Palm Replanting Area, 16(2), 64-77. Lacey, L. A. (2017). Microbial Control of Insect and Mite Pests: From Theory to Practice. (L. A. Lacey, Ed.) Academic Press. doi:10.1016/C2015-0-00092-2 Mahy, B. W. (2008). Encyclopedia of Virology (3rd ed., Vol. 5). (B. W. Mahy, & M. H. Van Regenmortel, Eds.) Manjeri, G., Muhamad, R., & Tan, S. G. (2014, June 14). Annual Research & Review in Biology. Oryctes rhinoceros Beetles, an Oil Palm Pest in Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedomain.org/ Omar, W. b. (2009). Warta Sawit 42 (42nd ed., Vol. 42). (P. Kannan, Ed.) Malaysia: Malaysian Palm Oil Board. Retrieved from http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/

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