AH 241 Chapter 4 - Lecture notes 4 PDF

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AH 241 Self-Study Module Chapter 4 Histology—The Tissue Level of Organization Instructions: Record your answers on the provided answer form. Due date: Tuesday, 10/01/19 Resources: Saladin and McFarland’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 1) The basis for the excitation of excitable cells is an electrical charge on the plasma membrane. a) True b) False 2) Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function of the damaged tissue. a) True b) False 3) An epithelium with a single layer of tall, narrow cells and with every cell touching the basement membrane is called ________. a) stratified squamous b) stratified cuboidal c) simple cuboidal d) simple columnar e) pseudostratified columnar 4) Which of the following is a function of adipose tissue? a) Movement b) Forms the stroma of the spleen c) Energy storage d) Shock absorption between vertebrae e) Forms the shape of the ear 5) The cells found in mature cartilage are called ________ and are trapped in spaces called ________. a) leukocytes; lumen b) mast cells; lacunae c) osteocytes; lacunae d) chondrocytes; lacunae e) adipocytes; lumen 6) Endocrine glands secrete ________ into ________. a) mucus; the blood b) enzymes; the blood c) hormones; ducts d) hormones; the blood e) enzymes; ducts

7) Mucin, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product, is produced by ________ glands. However, ________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid. a) mucous; serous b) merocrine; holocrine c) apocrine; mixed d) endocrine; exocrine e) serous; mucous 8) Tear glands have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis. These are classified as ________ glands. However, ________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products. a) endocrine; exocrine b) mucous; serous c) cytogenic; apocrine d) mucous; cutaneous e) merocrine; holocrine 9) Nonkeratinized cells exfoliate from the surface of the skin. a) True b) False 10) To increase surface area for absorption, columnar cells lining the small intestine show a brush border of cilia on the apical surface. a) True b) False 11) In an epithelium, there are no blood vessels. a) True b) False 12) Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs. a) True b) False 13) Blood consists of cells and a ground substance made of formed elements. a) True b) False 14) Smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control. a) True b) False 15) Dendrites in a neuron send outgoing signals to other cells. a) True b) False

16) The duct of an exocrine gland leads into the bloodstream rather than onto an epithelial surface. a) True b) False

17) The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except a) connective. b) fibrous. c) nervous. d) epithelial. e) muscular. 18) A thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a a) fixative. b) histological section. c) spread. d) stain. e) smear. 19) Body cavities, the body surface, and many organs are lined with ________. a) interstitial tissue b) muscle tissue c) adipose tissue d) epithelial tissue e) nervous tissue 20) The basement membrane is found between ________. a) epithelium and connective tissue b) epithelium and extracellular material c) epithelium and intracellular material d) extracellular material and intracellular material e) interstitial fluid and extracellular fluid 21) The tissue that best allows for rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs is called ________ epithelium. a) simple squamous b) simple cuboidal c) simple columnar d) stratified squamous-keratinized e) stratified squamous-nonkeratinized

22) Most kidney tubules are made of ________, which are specialized for absorption and secretion. a) simple columnar epithelium b) stratified columnar epithelium c) pseudostratified columnar epithelium d) simple cuboidal epithelium e) stratified cuboidal epithelium 23) What kind of cells would you expect to see in a tissue that has a mucus coating on the apical surface? a) Fibroblasts b) Chondrocytes c) Squamous cells d) Osteocytes e) Goblet cells 24) A brush border of microvilli belongs to ________ epithelium found in the ________. a) pseudostratified; nasal cavity b) simple cuboidal; esophagus c) simple columnar; small intestine d) stratified squamous; anal canal e) stratified squamous; esophagus 25) All cells in ________ epithelium reach the basement membrane and only cells that reach the free surface have cilia. a) pseudostratified columnar b) simple columnar c) stratified columnar d) stratified cuboidal e) stratified squamous 26) ________ epithelium found in the bladder resembles ________ epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened. a) Transitional; stratified squamous b) Stratified squamous; pseudostratified c) Stratified squamous; stratified columnar d) Simple columnar; pseudostratified e) Transitional; simple cuboidal 27) ________ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as in the ________. a) Transitional; tongue b) Keratinized; tongue c) Nonkeratinized; skin d) Keratinized; skin e) Nonkeratinized; vagina

28) Epithelium that is associated with rapid diffusion is ________, whereas ________ epithelium is best suited for resistance to abrasion. a) simple columnar; transitional b) simple squamous; stratified squamous c) simple cuboidal; pseudostratified d) pseudostratified; simple squamous e) pseudostratified; simple cuboidal 29) Which of the following features is not common to all connective tissues? a) Most cells are not in direct contact with each other. b) The cells of connective tissue are arranged in layers or sheets. c) Extracellular material usually occupies more space than cells. d) Protein fibers are usually present in the ground substance. e) Most connective tissues are highly vascular. 30) Many blood vessels are found in ________ tissue, however ________ is free of blood capillaries. a) epithelial; cartilage b) muscular; osseous tissue c) dense regular connective; dense irregular connective tissue d) areolar; cartilage e) nervous; osseous tissue 31) Fibrous connective tissue has all of the following features except a) very conspicuous protein fibers. b) the presence of fibroblasts. c) the presence of collagen. d) ground substance with a gelatinous to rubbery consistency. e) a calcified matrix. 32) The shape of a person's external ear is given by a) dense regular connective tissue. b) dense irregular connective tissue. c) elastic cartilage. d) fibrocartilage. e) ligaments. 33) Fibrous connective tissues include all of the following except a) reticular tissue. b) hyaline cartilage. c) dense regular connective tissue. d) dense irregular connective tissue. e) areolar tissue.

34) Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect in elastic fibers. People with this syndrome may have a) weak arterial walls. b) a small cranium. c) elastic bones. d) stronger bones. e) viscous blood. 35) Collagenous fibers are very abundant in a) blood and hyaline cartilage. b) blood, adipose tissue, and osseous tissue. c) ligaments, bones, and the most superficial portion of the skin. d) tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin. e) areolar tissue, tongue, and bones. 36) Fibroblasts and collagen fibers are associated with both ________. a) dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues b) plasma and formed elements c) elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage d) spongy bone and compact (dense) bone e) adipose tissue and reticular tissue 37) Which of the following is a function of blood? a) Contraction and relaxation b) Energy storage c) Protection of cardiac tissue d) Line the heart chambers e) Transport nutrients to the tissues 38) ________ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential, thus they are called ________ tissues.

a) Muscular and nervous; excitable b) Connective and muscular; responsive c) Adipose and areolar; complex d) Epithelial and connective; irritable e) Nervous and connective; excitable 39) Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and ________. a) fibroblasts b) chondrocytes c) glial cells d) myocytes e) osteocytes

40) Astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through their digestive tracts because a) smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract. b) skeletal muscle puts pressure on the digestive tract. c) cardiac muscle causes a high pressure that moves material through the digestive tract. d) striated muscle creates a pressure gradient that forces material from one end of the digestive tract to the other. e) skeletal muscle sphincters contract, allowing materials to move through the digestive tract. 41) Skeletal muscle is described as a) striated and voluntary. b) striated and involuntary. c) nonstriated and voluntary. d) nonstriated and involuntary. e) fibrous and contracting. 42) A muscle fiber refers to a(n) ________. a) entire cell b) organelle c) collagen molecule d) extension from the soma e) filament 43) The membrane that lines the lumen of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of a) simple squamous epithelium and dense irregular connective tissue. b) areolar and dense irregular connective tissue. c) epithelium and areolar connective tissue. d) areolar tissue and cartilage. e) simple squamous epithelium and cartilage. 44) ________ membranes lines passageways that open to the exterior environment. a) Peritoneal b) Endothelial c) Synovial d) Serous e) Mucous 45) After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to ________ of muscle cells. a) hyperplasia b) neoplasia c) hypertrophy d) metaplasia e) atrophy

46) The epithelium of the lungs in smokers may transform into abnormal cells that continue to multiply to form an abnormal mass. This exemplifies a) neoplasia. b) hypertrophy. c) atrophy. d) differentiation. e) hyperplasia. 47) The replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same cells as before is called ________. a) hypertrophy b) hyperplasia c) regeneration d) fibrosis e) neoplasia 48) It is normal for the uterus to shrink after a woman gives birth. This is is facilitated by ________ of the cells of the uterus. A) necrosis b) apoptosis c) hypertrophy d) infarction e) gangrene 49) The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called a) necrosis. b) apoptosis. c) gangrene. d) regeneration. e) fibrosis. 50) Cells that are taller than they are wide are called ________ cells. a) columnar b) cuboidal c) squamous d) stellate 51) Cells that are flat and tile-shaped are called ________ cells. a) columnar b) cuboidal c) squamous d) stellate...