Chapter 4 - Lecture notes 4 PDF

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Chapter 4: Stress Stimulus or Response?  Stressor: any event or situation that triggers coping adjustments  Stress: the process by which we perceive and respond to events that are perceived as harmful threatening or challenging Bio psychosocial Sources Of Stress  Major Life Events  Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS): Attempt to quantify life events in terms of life change units  First Effort to link stress and illness  Faulted for subjectivity Sources of Stress  Daily Hassles  Concerns about chore, health, appearance, too much to do.  Daily Uplifts  Relating well with friends, completing a task, getting enough sleep  Hassles have proven to be a better predictor of health problems in major life events or the frequency of daily uplifts

Environmental Stress:  Noise  Living near airports= higher blood pressure and stress hormone levels  Living in noisy homes= more reading problems than children who live in quite homes  Children are less able to tune out extraneous sounds, so chronic noise more disruptive  Crowding  Population density: a measure of crowding based on the total number of people living in an area of limited size  Dorm Room Studies: Residents of traditional corridor rooms feel more crowded, less in control more competitive and are more easily annoyed than those in a suite type room clusters.  Overload  Work overload: people who feel they have to work too long and hard at too many task  Role overload: Problem associated with juggling multiple roles simultaneously o Scarcity Hypothesis: Because time is limited, multiple roles are damaging o Enhancement Hypothesis: The benefits of meaningful work in enhancing self esteem outweigh the costs

Chapter 4: Stress Burnout  Job related state of physical and psychological exhaustion  Jobs that involve responsibility for other people appear to have higher level of burnouts. (nurses, firefighters, air traffic controllers) The role of the Endocrine System  Sympatho-adreno-medullary(SAM): The body's initial, rapid-acting response to stress  Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) System: The body's delayed response to stress, involving the secretion of corticosteroid hormones from the adrenal cortex  Homeostasis: The tendency to maintain a balanced or internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry such as the level of glucose in the blood around a particular set point.  Corticosteroids: Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that fight inflammation, promote healing and trigger the release of stored energy. How Does stress make you Sick?

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)  Subfield of health psychology that emphasizes the interaction of psychological (psycho), neuroendocrine (neuro) and immunological processes in stress and illness Pathways from stress to disease  Direct Effect Hypothesis: immunosuppression is part of the body's natural response to stress *HPA and SAM neuroendocrine response to stress may reduce the body's defenses  Indirect Effect Hypothesis: Immunosuppression is an aftereffect of the stress response *Stress may encourage maladaptive behaviors that disrupt immune functioning Duration of Stress  Acute Stressors: last half an hour or less. Produce transient immune changes with most immune cell parameters returning to pre-stress levels within an hour or so. Or longer lasting; associated with upcoming exams also produce temporary changes in cellular immune system.  Chronic Stressors:  Allostatic load: The cumulative long-term effects of the body's physiological response to stress

Stress inflammation and Disease

Chapter 4: Stress 

Immunosuppression Model: Stress suppresses the immune system which leaves the individual vulnerable to opportunistic infection and disease.

 Other Models of Stress and Illness: General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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General Adaption syndrome: selye term for the bodys reaction to stress: ALARM RESISTANCE AND EXHAUSTION Alarm: Alarm reaction is essentially the same as Cannon's fight or flight response. The strength of the alarm reaction depends on the degree to which the event is perceived as a threat. Res i s t anc es t age.i nwhi c hphy s i ol ogi c al ar ous alr emai nshi ghast hebodyt r i es t oadaptt ot heemer genc ybyr epl eni s hi ngadr enalhor mones .Dec r eas ei nbody ' s abi l i t yt oc opewi t hev er ydayev ent sandhas s l es . St ageofex haust i on. -Thebody ' sr es er v esar edepl et ed. -Hy pocor t i s ol i s m( depl et i onofcor t i sol )i sc ons i s t entwi t ht hi sfi nal s t age. -I fs t r es sper s i s t s ,di seaseandphy s i c al det er i or at i onorev endeat hmayocc ur . T el omer es hor t eni ngc aus esc el l st odi ebec aus et heyc annol ongerr epr oduc e, whi chi sas s oc i at edwi t hawi der angeofager el at eddi s eas es .

Other Models of Stress and Illness

Chapter 4: Stress 

Transactional Model: Lazarus’s The theory that the experience of stress depends as much on the individual's cognitive appraisal of a potential stressor's impact as it does on the event or situation itself  Primary Appraisal: A person's initial determination of an events' meaning, whether irrelevant, benign-positive, or threatening  Secondary appraisal: A persons determination of whether his or her own resources and abilities are sufficient to meet the demands of an event that is appraised as potentially threatening or challenging  Cognitive reappraisal: The process by which potentially stressful events are constantly reevaluated. Diathesis-stress model  an individual's susceptibility to stress and illness is determined by two interacting factors:  Predisposing: establishes a persons(genetic)vulnerability  Precipitating: traumatic experiences  Reactivity: Our physiological reactions to stress, which varies by individual and affects our vulnerability to illness.  Pos t t r aumat i cs t r es sdi s or der :Aps y chol ogi c al di s or dert r i gger edbyex pos ur e t oanext r emet r aumat i cs t r es s or ,s uc hascombatoranat ur al di s as t er . Sy mpt omsi nc l udehaunt i ngmemor i esandni ght mar eoft het r aumat i cev ent s, ex t r emement al di s t r essand,unwant edfl as hbac k s. Tend-and-befriend theory  theory that females are more likely than males to respond to stressors with behaviors that:  Quit, nuture, and care for offspring in order to protect them from harm and.  Establishing and maintain social networks that facilitate this process.  A BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO STRESS THAT IS FOCUSED ON PROTECTING OFFSPRING AND SEEKING OTHERS FOR MUTUAL DEFENSE(befriending) Lazar us ' st r ansact i onal model hast hr eei mpor t anti mpl i c at i ons : 1.Si t uat i ons /ev ent sar enoti nher ent l ys t r es s f ul oruns t r es s f ul . 2.Cogni t i v eappr ai s al sar eex t r emel ysus cept i bl et oc hangesi nmood,heal t hand mot i v at i onal s t at e. 3.Thebody ' sst r es sr es pons ei snear l yt hes amewhet herasi t uat i oni sac t ual l y exper i enc edormer el yi magi ned.

Chapter 4: Stress

 Implications of the Transactional Model  Situations or events are not inherently stressful or unstressful  Cognitive appraisals are extremely susceptible to changes in mood, health, motivation  The body's stress response is nearly the same, whether a situation is actually experienced or merely imagined...