Amsco Chapter 30 Notes/Summaries of Readings PDF

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You do not need to read the readings of the whole entire chapter of 30. These notes/summaries are the main and key points that are needed to study for the exam....

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Vineciya Vijayarajah Mr. Mccarthy APUSH Period 6 June 6, 2021 Notes for Chapter 30 -

In the 1980s and 1990s, older ethnic and religious conflicts reemerged to threaten peace with civil wars and terrorism. On the domestic scene, the conservative agenda of the Reagan administration ( 1981–1989).

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Barry Goldwater's 1964 campaign marked the beginning of the resurgence of conservatism. By 1980, a loose coalition of economic and political conservatives had become a potent force for change. These groups opposed big government, New Deal liberalism, gay rights, welfare, affirmative action, abortion, and drug use.

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By 1980, televangelists had a combined weekly audience of between 60 and 100 million viewers. Jerry Falwell founded the Moral Majority, which financed campaigns to unseat liberal members of Congress. Fundamentalists attacked "secular humanism" as a godless creed taking over public education. Roe v. Wade's decision sparked the right-to-life movement, which united Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants.

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Business interests launched a successful campaign to curtail regulations in the 1970s. Donors created "think tanks" to promote free-market ideas. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce lobbied for pro-business legislation. In 1980, Reagan won the Republican nomination for president.

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With more than 50% of the blue-collar vote, Reagan's victory shattered a core aspect of the New Deal alliance. The GOP took control of the Senate for the first time by defeating 11 liberal Democratic senators.

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The Reagan administration advocated supply-side economics, arguing that tax cuts and reduced government spending would increase investment by the private sector. Congress passed the Economic Recovery Act of 1981, which included a 25 percent decrease in personal income taxes. Critics compared it to the "trickle-down" economics of the 1920s, in which wealthy Americans prospered.

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Reagan cut more than $40 billion from domestic programs such as food stamps, student loans, and mass transportation. Reagan pushed through no cuts in Medicare or Social Security, but he did support a bipartisan bill to strengthen Social Security. The Reagan administration reduced federal regulations on business and industry.

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In 1982, the nation suffered the worst recession since the 1930s; unemployment reached 11 percent. Reagan's policies of Reaganomics took hold and the economy rebounded. The recovery only widened the income gap between rich and poor. Not until the late 1990s did the middle-class gain back some of its losses.

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In 1984, President Reagan campaigned on an optimistic "It's Morning Again in America" theme. Jesse Jackson was the first African American politician to make a strong run for the presidency. Two-thirds of white males voted for Reagan; only African Americans and those earning less than $12,500 voted for the Democrats.

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In 1985, for the first time since the World War I era, the U.S. became a debtor nation. The cumulative trade imbalance of $1 trillion during the 1980s contributed to a dramatic increase in the foreign ownership of the real estate and industry.

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President Reagan's two terms reduced restrictions on the free-market economy. Reagan's policies also succeeded in containing the growth of the New Deal Great Society welfare state. Huge federal deficits of $200 to 300 billion a year changed the context of future political debates.

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The Reagan administration spent billions to build new weapons systems, such as the B-1 bomber and the MX missile. The administration also increased spending on the Strategic Defense Initiative. Critics called the SDI "Star Wars" and argued that the costly program would only escalate the arms race.

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The defense budget grew from $171 billion in 1981 to more than $300 billion in 1985. Reagan supported "friendly" right-wing dictators to keep out communism in the Americas. In Nicaragua, U.S. aid to the "contras".

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The Iran-Contra affair had its origins in U.S. troubles with Iran. Reagan aides came up with the plan to use profits from an arms deal with Iran to aid the Nicaraguan contras. President Reagan denied that he had knowledge of the illegal diversion of funds. The picture that emerged from a televised congressional investigation was of an uninformed, hands-off president, says Peter Bergen.

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Mikhail Gorbachev wanted to end the costly arms race and deal with a deteriorating Soviet economy. In 1987, President Reagan challenged the Soviet leader to follow through with his reforms. He and Reagan agreed to remove and destroy all intermediate-range missiles (the INF agreement) In 1988, he further reduced Cold War tensions by starting the pullout of Soviet troops from Afghanistan.

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George H. W. Bush became the first president to define the country's role in the new era. Michael Dukakis, governor of Massachusetts, won the Democratic nomination for

president in 1988. George H.W. Bush was a former ambassador to the United Nations and director of the CIA. -

Bush appealed to voters by promising not to raise taxes: "Read my lips—no new taxes" Democrats failed to win the confidence of most white middle-class voters. Americans evidently believed in the system of checks and balances, but it often produced gridlock.

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In 1990 the Soviet Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania declared independence. The remaining republics dissolved the Soviet Union in December 1991. Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic, joined with nine former Soviet republics to form a loose confederation.

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Bush remained cautious as Soviet Communism collapsed. Americans grew concerned about the outbreak of civil wars and violence in the former Soviet Union. President Bush's hopes for a "new world order" of peace and democracy were challenged by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Desert Storm was a five-week invasion led by U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf.

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Bush's political future seemed secure based on foreign policy successes, but domestic problems dogged his administration. After Desert Storm, Bush enjoyed a boost in his approval rating to nearly 90%.

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The nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court proved extremely controversial. Thomas's conservative views on judicial issues and charges of sexual harassment against him particularly angered Afri can Americans and women. Many Republicans felt betrayed when, in 1990, Bush agreed to accept the Democratic Congress’s proposed $133 billion in new taxes.

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Clinton and his running mate, Albert Gore, did well in the South and recaptured the majority of the elderly and blue-collar workers. Democrats again won control of both houses of Congress. The new Congress better reflected the diversity of the U.S. population. Clinton failed to end discrimination against gays in the military and settled for the rule, "Don't ask, don't tell"

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Clinton and Congress compromised on a budget that left Medicare and Social Security benefits intact. President Clinton captured the middle ground by successfully characterizing the Republicans as extremists. The fast-growing economy that had produced more than 10 million new jobs helped Clinton in the 1996 election.

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Clinton-Gore ticket won 379 electoral votes (49.2 percent of the popular vote), Dole and Kemp captured 159 electoral votes. Ross Perot ran again but had little impact on the election. During Clinton's two terms the U.S. enjoyed the longest peacetime economic expansion in its history.

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Investors were rewarded with record gains of more than 22 percent in the stock market. The number of households worth $1 million or more quadrupled in the 1990s. The unemployment rate fell from 7.5 percent in 1992 to a 30-year low of 3.9 percent in 2000.

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In 1997, Congress and the president did compromise on legislation that cut taxes on estates and capital gains. As Clinton's second term progressed, the struggle between the Democratic president and the Republican Congress intensified. Republicans pressed for more tax revenue cuts, such as the elimination of the estate tax. Democrats wanted to use the projected surplus to support Social Security, expand Medicare, and reduce the national debt.

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Clinton's first term was marked by low-key foreign policy, which critics thought lacked coherent purpose. Madeleine K. Albright became the first woman to serve as secretary of state. The U.S. sent 20,000 troops into Haiti to restore its elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, in 1994. The European Union became a unified market of 15 nations, 12 of which adopted a single currency in 2002.

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The Serbian dictator, Slobodan Milosevic, carried out a series of armed conflicts to suppress independence movements. Hundreds of thousands of members of ethnic and religious minorities were killed in the brutal "ethnic cleansing" A combination of diplomacy, bombing, and troops from NATO countries stopped the bloodshed in Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999.

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Globalization promoted the development of global and regional economic organizations. The United States had some success in the Israeli Palestinian peace process. Renewed violence in Israel provoked a new round of anti-American sentiment in the Islamic world. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1994 to oversee trade agreements.

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Globalization promoted the development of global and regional economic organizations. The United States had some success in the Israeli Palestinian peace process. Renewed violence in Israel provoked a new round of anti-American sentiment in the Islamic world. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1994 to oversee trade agreements.

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Homeownership continued to climb during the prosperity of the 1990s to 67.4 percent of all households. Per-capita money income in constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars rose

dramatically, from $12,275 in 1970 to $22,199 in 2000. In 1999 the top fifth of American households received more than half of all income....