Amsco Guided Reading Chapter 4 PDF

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Amsco Guided Reading Chapter 4 includes all analysis questions in-depth and notes that are qualified....

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Chapter 4- Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest, pp 68-84 Key Concepts FOR PERIOD 3:

Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War. Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations. Guided Reading, pp 68-77 As you read the chapter, jot down your notes in the middle column. Consider your notes to be elaborations on the Objectives and Main Ideas presented in the left column. When you finish the section, analyze what you read by answering the question in the right hand column.

1. Overview and Alternate View p. 68 Key Concepts & Main Ideas British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the colonial reaction to these attempts produced a new American republic, along with struggles over the new nation’s social, political, and economic identity.

Notes

Analysis

1763…End of French and Indian War led to…

List 3 reasons why the end of French and Indian War was an important turning point in U.S. history.

The British wanted more revenue from the colonies they were protecting. Colonists saw themselves as self-sufficient. The conflicting view resulted to colonies declaring independence, winning a war and creating a new nation

1783…Articles of Confederation led to… led to being replaced with a new constitution, created a federal government that was stronger but had limited power. 1789…new Constitution implemented… two parties emerged, a more powerful government. 1800…election of Thomas Jefferson illustrated… tested stability when federalists transferred power to democratic-republican. Westward expansion continued and blended cultures, new opportunities, and conflicts continued. Alternate View Some say that America started in 1763 (7 year’s war). Starting 1754, colonies and Britain drove apart. Despite declaring independence, a new constitution, war, colonies survived many years without Britain.

1. Colonies saw themselves as self-sufficient 2. Increased conflict between Britain and America

3. British wanted more revenue from colonies. Besides the beginning and the end of this war, what else marks an important turning point to nationhood? The constitution and new political parties.

Map Break! Thirteen Colonies 1754

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(Do this on your own...don’t worry about submitting this on

Label colonies and highlight them one color. Label French territory and highlight them a second color. Then label and highlight British territory a third color. 2.Then Empires athighlight War, ppSpanish 69-72 territory a fourth color. label and Create a key. Write a caption summarizing the significance of territory in 1754 to the European Key powers and the colonists.

Concepts & Main Ideas

Notes

Analysis

Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts among the British government, the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new nation, the United States.

Empires at War… War broke out between Britain, France, and Spain (late 17th century). First in a series of 4 wars that were world wide w/ battle is India, Europe, and North America Wars occurred over 74 years (1689-1763). Stakes were high because the winner of the struggle stood to gain supremacy in West Indies and Canada and to dominate the lucrative colonial trade.

What was the chief reason for colonial discontent? Britain began to assert their power on the colonies when they felt self-sufficient.

The First Three Wars… First three wars named after British Monarchs. King Williams (1689-1697) and Queen Annes’s (1702-1713) tried to capture Quebec, but failed. Indians supported by the French burned British settlements. British prevailed in Queen Anne’s war and gained Nova Scotia (France) and trading rights in Spanish America. King George (1744-1748) was the third war. In GA, James Oglethrope led an army against the Spanish, North captured Louisbourg (French) but gave it back for India. New Englanders were furious because they captured Louisbourg. The Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War)… First three wars were in Europe. European powers saw little value in regular troops in America. the 4th and final war, fighting began in colonies then spread to Europe. Britain and France saw that colonies were important and shipped a large number of forces. Fourth and most decisive war (French and Indian) known as the Seven Years war.

List three major ways England’s war for empire impacted the colonies in North America. 1. Change in how the British and Colonists viewed each other. 2. no threat of attacks and dominant naval power 3. unchallenged supremacy List three reasons the Albany Plan, aka “Join or Die,” failed. 1. Each colony was jealous of its taxation powers 2. was not used to verify freedom from Britain

Beginning of the War… From British P.O.V., French started war by building forts in the Ohio River valley. (1) French built the forts to stop westward growth of colonies. Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh) was a french fort and VA Governor sent a militia led by George Washington there. After a small initial victory, Washington’s troops surrendered to French on July 3, 1754. Final War began and at first it was bad for the British (VA and Braddock were defeated) Indian allies to French fought british.

3. colonists did not want to give up control

What was the most significant impact of the Treaty of Paris, 1763 (aka the Peace of Paris)? Explain your reasoning. The most significant impact was that the The Albany Plan of Union… colonies no longer faced threats from the British called representatives from colonies to meet in Albany, NY. In 1754,13 colonies Spanish, French, and Native Americans because delegates from 7 colonies adopted this plan (made by Ben Franklin). Provided it allowed them to establish thoughts of the for intercolonial government, system to recruit troops, and collects taxes from Other Britishregarding territory revolution Britain. colonies for common defense. Colonies got jealous of one another’s pros from the union and never came to an agreement. Albany didn't work, but set French territory forth revolutionary congress in 1770’s. British Victory… Spanish territory British Prime Minister, William Pitt, concentrated on the government's military strategies for conquering Canada. Retaking Louisbourg in 1758, Quebec was defeated by General James Wolfe (1759), Montreal (1760). Treaty of Paris (1763) gave Britain or Spain all of French Lands. Compare the British View to the Colonial View and explain why Immediate Effects of the War… these opposing views are Gave Britain unchallenged supremacy in NA, became dominant Naval Power. significant to the development of American colonies did not face threats from Spanish and French. Most the United States. important was how colonists and Britain viewed each other. Both views saw their own militias superior to want to believe Caption: capable of elped them war and to go

The Colonial View… Opposite view of military performance. Proud of their record in all four wars and developed confidence that they could provide protection. Were not impressed by british troops and their warfare that the colonist thought did not suit the geography of densely wooded terrain of NA.

3. Reorganization of the British Empire, pp 71-72 Key Concepts & Main Ideas

Notes

Analysis

After the British defeat of the French, white– Indian conflicts continued to erupt as native groups sought

Reorganization of the British Empire… Resentful feelings were because of the British government’s shift in colonial policies. Before the war, Britain had little interest/ direct control over colonies. After, the British adopted more strict policies on trade etc. All the wars were expensive and Britain was in debt. They also needed to pay for protection over the new land they gained. King George lll and his people (whigs) wanted colonist to bear most of the cost (taxation)

Defend or refute the following statement: 1763 was an important watershed year. 1763 was an important watershed year

Pontiac’s Rebellion… First major test of the new policy was in 1763 when Chief Pontaic led an attack against colonial settlements on western frontier. Indians were angered that Europeans were moving westward into their territory and land and the British would not offer gifts like the french. The Pontiac alliance destroyed forts and settlements from NY to VA. Rather than having colonist forces, the British sent their own men.

List three pieces of evidence to support your view:

both to continue trading with Europeans and to resist the encroachment of British colonists on traditional tribal lands.

1. Treaty of Paris 2. The proclamation of 1763 3. Pontiac’s Rebellion

Proclamation of 1763… to stabilize the frontier, British gov. issued proclamation that prohibited colonists from settlements west of Appalachian Mountains. Hoped to limit hostility between colonies and Indians, but colonists still wanted to move and were infuriated by the proclamation. Colonists still went westward.

Name one piece of evidence to support the opposing view: The enlightenment period/ others were a major turn in history.

Map Break! The 13 Colonies 1763 The map below (captured from Wikipedia) shows North American territorial gains of Spain in 1762 and Britain in 1763. Explain the significance of the territorial changes from 1754 to 1763. Britain gained both Spanish Florida and French Canada which helped to erase French control in North America.

Using a highlighter, trace the location of the Proclamation Line of 1763. What was the purpose of this line? The purpose of the proclamation line was to prevent colonists from moving west in order to prevent hostility towards the Native Americans.

4. British Actions and Colonial Reactions, pp 72-73 Key Concepts & Main Ideas During and after the imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, new pressures began to unite the British colonies against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights, sparking a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.

Notes

Analysis

New Revenues and Regulations… In the first two years of peace, King George’s lll’s chancellor if the exchequer (treasury) and prime minister, Lord George Grenville, successfully pushed through parliament three measures that aroused colonial suspicions if a British plot to subvert their liberties.

Identify the major causes and effects of the Stamp Act controversy.

Sugar Act (1764)… This act (Revenue Act of 1764) placed duties in foreign sugar and certain luxuries. Its main purpose was to raise money for the crown, and a companion law also provided for stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts to stop smuggling. Those accused of smuggling were to be tried in admiralty courts by crown-appointed judges w/out juries. Quartering Act (1765)… required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies.

Caused by: Britain wanting to raise money to support military in colonies, needed money because they were in debt, taxed on all documents

Effects of: Protests, boycotts, Stamp act congress, sons and daughters of liberty.

Stamp Act (1765)… In an effort to raise funds to support British military forces in the colonies, Lord Grenville turned to a tax long in use in Britain. The Stamp Act, enacted by Parliament in 1765, required that revenue stamps be placed on most printed paper in the colonies, including all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, advertisements. This was the first direct tax collected from those who used the goods-paid by the people in the colonies as opposed to the taxes on imported goods, which were paid by merchants. People in every colony reacted w/ indignation to the news of the Stamp Act. Young VA lawyer, Patrick Henry, spoke for many when he stood

What was the most significant cause of the controversy? Money needed because they were in debt

If the United States bought Louisiana from France in 1803, why does this 1763 map show Louisiana as Spanish territory? When France gave up all territory east of the Mississippi River, the remaining parts of Louisiana was given to the spanish Empire after the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The entire territory west of the Mississippi River also became part of the Spanish Empire. France acquired Louisiana back through the Treaty of San Ildefonso, and later on France sold it to the United States in 1803. The protests/ boycotts are most members sometimes destroy revenue stamps and tarred/feathered revenue officials. Boycotts significant. against British imports were the most effective form of protest. Became fashionable in the colonies (1765/1766) for people not to purchase any article of British origin. Faced with sharp drop in trade, London merchants put pressure on parliament to repeal the controversial Stamp Act.

Declaratory Act (1776)… (1766), Greenville was replaced by another PM and Parliament voted to repeal the Stamp Act. People rejoiced when the news reached the colonies. Few colonists noted that Parliament has also enacted a face-saving measure known as the Declaratory Act (asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”). This would soon lead to renewed conflict between colonists & British gov.

The main source of resentment among colonists was: They were being taxed without representation.

5. Second Phase of the Crisis, pp 73-74 Key Concepts & Main Ideas During and after the imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, new pressures began to unite the British colonies against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights, sparking a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.

Notes The Townshend Acts…

Analysis

Adopting the Townshend’s program in 1767, Parliament enacted new duties to be collected on colonial imports of tea, glass, and paper. Law required that revenues raised be used to pay crown officials in the colonies, making them independent of the colonial assemblies that had previously paid their salaries. The acts also provided for the search of private homes for smuggled goods. All an official needed to conduct a search was a writ of assistance (general license to search anywhere) rather than judge’s warrant permitting a search only of a specifically named property. Another of the Townshend’s Acts suspended NYs assembly for that colony’s defiance of the Quartering Act. At first most colonists accepted the taxes under the acts because they were indirect taxes paid by merchants. Soon leaders began protesting new duties. In 1767 & 1768 John Dickinson of PA (letters from a farmer in PA) wrote that Parliament could regulate commerce but argued that because duties were a form of taxation, could not be levied on colonies w/out consent of their representative assemblies. Dickinson argued that the idea of no taxation w/out representation was an essential principle of English law. (1768) James Otis and Samuel Adams wrote the Mass. Circular Letter and sent copies to every colonial legislature. Urged the various colonies to petition parliament to repeal the acts. British officials ordered the letter retracted, threatening to dissolve the legislature, and increased number of British troops in Boston. Responding to the letter, the colonists again

Explain the limitations of the repeal [of the Townshend Acts] in restoring positive relations between England and its ‘13 colonies’ in North America. Repealing the Townshends Acts helped to restore positive relation because the colonies would be able to prosper economically, but the trust between Britain and the colonies had already been broken.

conducted boycotts of British goods. merchants increase their smuggling activities to avoid the offensive Townshend duties.

Repeal of the Townshend Acts…

The resulting independence movement was fueled by established colonial elites, as well as by grassroots movements that included newly mobilized laborers, artisans, and women, and rested on arguments over the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, and the ideas of the Enlightenment.

Meanwhile in London, there was another change in the King’s ministers (Lord Frederick North became PM). He urged Parliamentto repeal the Townshend’s Acts because they damaged trade and generated a disappointingly small amount of revenue. The repeal of the acts in 1770 ended the colonial boycotts and except for the incident in Boston, there was a three year respite from political troubles as the colonies entered into a period of economic prosperity, but Parliament retained a small tax on tea as a symbol of its right to tax the colonies.

Of the following, whose contribution was most significant to the emerging American identity? Charles Townshend, John Dickenson, James Otis, Samuel Adams, Lord North, Crispus Attucks James Otis is most significant.

Boston Massacre… Most Bostonians resented the British troops who had been quartered in their city to protect customs officials from being attacked by the Sons of Liberty. On a snowy day in March 1770, a crowd of colonists harassed the guards near the customs house. The guards fired into the crowd, killing five people including an African American, Crispus Attucks. At their trial for murder. the soldiers were defended by colonial lawyer John Adams and acquitted Adam’s more radical cousin, Samuel, angrily denounced the shooting incident as a massacre and used it to inflame anti-british feelings.

Defend your answer with specific evidence. 1. opposed british policies in the colonies 2. First to express patriotic views 3. Known for “taxation without representation is Tyranny”

6. Renewal of the Conflict, pp 74-75 Key Concepts & Main Ideas

Great Britain’s massive debt from the Seven Years’ War resulted in renewed efforts to consolidate imperial control over North American markets, taxes, and political institutions — actions that were supported by some colonists but resisted by others.

Notes

Analysis

Renewal of the Conflict…

Explain how Committees of Correspondence and intercolonial committees sharpened the divisions between Britain and the colonies in the early 1770’s. The Committees of Correspondence allowed colonists to communicate about the injustices that were caused by Britain and to make sure that their view are set in stone.

Even during the relatively quiet years of 1770-1772, Sam Adams and a few other Americans kept alive the view that British officials were undermining colonial liberties. A principal device for spreading this idea was by means of the Committees of Correspondence initiated by Sam Adams in 1772. In Boston and other Mass. towns, Adams began the practice of organizing committees that would regularly exchange letters about suspicious or potentially threatening British activities. The VA H.O.B. took the concept a step further when it organized intercolonial committees in 1773.

The Gaspee… An incident frequently discussed on the committees’ letters. A British customs ship, Gaspee, caught several smugglers. In 1772, it ran aground off the shore of Rhode Island. seizing their opportu...